Keywords
meandering fluvial system
Quaternary geology
fluvial sedimentology
Eemian Sea
How to Cite
Abstract
Fluvial sediments in the Chłapowo cliff section were studied in order to reconstruct their palaeoflow conditions and stratigraphical position. Lithofacies, textural and palaeohydraulic analyses as well as luminescence dating were performed so as to achieve the aim of study. Sedimentary successions were identified as a record of point bar cycles. The fluvial environment probably functioned during the latest Saalian, shortly after the retreat of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Discharge outflow was directed to the northwest. The river used the older fluvioglacial valley and probably was directly connected to the Eem Sea. Good preservation and strong aggradation of point-bar cycles were related to a rapid relative base level rise. The meandering river sediments recognised showed responses to climate and sea level changes as illustrated by stratigraphical, morphological and sedimentological features of the strata described. The present study also revealed several insights into proper interpretation of meandering fluvial successions, in which the most important were: specific lithofacies assemblage of GSt (St, Sp) → Sl → SFrc → Fm (SFr) and related architectural elements: channel/sandy bedforms CH/SB → lateral accretion deposits LA → floodplain fines with crevasse splays FF (CS); upward-fining grain size and decreasing content of denser heavy minerals; estimated low-energy flow regime with a mean depth of 1.6–3.3 m, a Froude number of 0.2–0.4 and a sinuosity of 1.5.
References
Allen, J.R.L., 1964. A review of the origin and characteristics of recent alluvial sediments. Sedimentology 5, 89–191.
Allen, P. & Mange-Rajetzky, M., 1982. Sediment dispersal and palaeohydraulics of Oligocene rivers in the eastern Ebro Basin. Sedimentology 29, 705–716.
Ashley, G.M., 1990. Classification of large-scale subaqueous bedforms: a new look at an old problem. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 60, 160–172.
Blum, M., Martin, J., Milliken, K. & Garvin, M., 2013. Paleovalley systems: Insights from Quaternary analogs and experiments. Earth Science Reviews 116, 128–169.
Blum, M.D. & Tornqvist, T.E., 2000. Fluvial response to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward. Sedimentology 47, 2–48.
Bridge, J.S., Jalfin, G.A. & Georgieff, S.M., 2000. Geometry, lithofacies, and spatial distribution of Cretaceous fluvial sandstone bodies, San Jorge Basin, Argentina: outcrop analog for the hydrocarbon-bearing Chubut Group. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70, 341–359.
Bridge, J.S. & Mackey, S.D., 1993. A theoretical study of fluvial sandstone body dimensions. [In:] Flint, S.S. & Bryant, I.D. (Eds), The Geological Modelling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 15, 213–236.
Bridge, J.S. & Tye, R.S., 2000. Interpreting the dimensions of ancient fluvial channel bars, channels, and channel belts from wireline-logs and cores. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 84, 1205–1228.
Catuneanu, O., 2006. Principles of sequence stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 375 pp.
Coe, A.L. & Church, K.D., 2005a. Sequence stratigraphy and sea level change. [In:] Coe, A.L. (Ed.), The sedimentary record of sea-level change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 57–98.
Coe, A.L. & Church, K.D., 2005b. Processes controlling relative sea-level change and sediment supply. [In:] Coe, A.L. (Ed.), The sedimentary record of sea-level change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 99–117.
Collinson, J.D., 1996. Alluvial sediments. [In:] Reading, H.G. (Ed.), Sedimentary environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, Blackwell, 37–82.
Cotter, E., 1971. Paleoflow characteristics of a Late Cretaceous river in Utah from analysis of sedimentary structures in the Ferron Sandstone. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 41, 129–138.
Cowan, E.J., 1991. The large-scale architecture of the fluvial Wetwater Canyon Member, Morrison Formation (Jurassic), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. [In:] Miall, A.D., Tyler, N. (Eds), The three dimensional facies architecture of terrigenous clastic sediments, and its applications for hydrocarbon discovery and recovery. Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology 3, 80–93.
Crowley, K.D., 1983. Large-scale bed configurations (macroforms), Platte River Basin, Colorado and Nebraska: Primary structures and formative processes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94, 117–133.
De Boer, B., Van de Wal, R.S.W., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. & Tuenter, E., 2010. Cenozoic global ice-volume and temperature simulations with 1-D ice-sheet models forced by benthic delta O–18 records. Annals of Glaciology 51, 23–33.
Ekman, M. & Makinen, J., 1996. Recent postglacial rebound, gravity change and mantle flow in Fennoscandia. Geophysical Journal International 126, 229–234.
Farrell, K.M., 2001. Geomorphology, facies architecture, and high-resolution, non-marine sequence stratigraphy in avulsion deposits, Cumberland Marshes, Saskatchewan. Sedimentary Geology 139, 93–150.
Fedorowicz, S., 2006. Metodyczne aspekty luminescencyjnego oznaczania wieku osadów neoplejstoceńskich Europy Środkowej [Methodological Aspects of Luminescence Dating of Central European Neopleistocene Deposits]. University of Gdańsk Press, 156 pp. (in Polish, with English abstract)
Fedorowicz, S., Łanczont, M., Bogucki, A., Kusiak, J., Mroczek, P., Adamiec, G., Bluszcz, A., Moska, P. & Tracz, M., 2013. Loess-paleosol sequence at Korshiv (Ukraine): Chronology based on complementary and parallel dating (TL, OSL), and litho-pedosedimentary analyses. Quaternary International 296, 117–130.
Ferguson, R.I., 1987. Hydraulic and sedimentary controls of channel pattern. [In:] Richards, K.S. (Ed): River channels: environment and process. Blackwell, Oxford, 129–158.
Forsstrom, L., Aalto, M., Eronen, M. & Grönlund, T., 1988. Stratigraphic evidence for Eemian crustal movements and relative sea-level changes in eastern Fennoscandia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 68, 317–335.
Funder S., Demidov I. & Yelovicheva Y., 2002. Hydrography and mollusc faunas of the Baltic and the White Sea-North Sea seaway in the Eemian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 184, 275–304.
Fustic M., Hubbard S.M., Spencer R., Smith D.G., Leckie D.A., Bennett B. & Larter S., 2012. Recognition of down-valley translation in tidally influenced meandering fluvial deposits, Athabasca Oil Sands (Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada. Marine and Petroleum Geology 29, 219–232.
Ghazi, F. & Mountney, N.P., 2009. Facies and architectural element analysis of a meandering fluvial succession: The Permian Warchha Sandstone, Slat Range, Pakistan. Sedimentary Geology 221, 88–126.
Ghinassi, M., 2011. Chute channels in the Holocene high-sinuosity river deposits of the Firenze plain, Tuscany, Italy. Sedimentology 58, 618–642.
Ghinassi, M., Nemec, W., Aldinucci, M., Nehyba, S., Özaksoy, V. & Fidolini, F., 2014. Plan-form evolution of ancient meandering rivers reconstructed from longitudinal outcrop sections. Sedimentology 61, 952–977.
Gibbard, P.L. & Lewin, J., 2002. Climate and related controls on interglacial fluvial sedimentation in lowland Britain. Sedimentary Geology 151, 187–210.
Grenfell, M.C., Nicholas, A.P. & Aalto, R., 2014. Mediative adjustment of river dynamics: The role of chute channels in tropical sand-bed meandering rivers. Sedimentary Geology 301, 93–106.
Hartley, A.J., Weissmann, G.S., Nichols, G.J. & Warwick, G.L., 2010. Large distributive fluvial systems: characteristics, distribution and controls on development. Journal of Sedimentary Research 80, 167–183.
Head, M.J., Seidenkrantz, M.S., Janczyk-Kopikowa, Z., Marks, L. & Gibbard, P.L., 2005. Last Interglacial (Eemian) hydrographic conditions in the southeastern Baltic Sea, NE Europe, based on dinoflagellate cysts. Quaternary International 130, 3–30.
Huisink, M., de Moor, J.J.W., Kasse, C. & Virtanen, T., 2002. Factors influencing periglacial morphology in the northern European Russian tundra and taiga. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, 1223–1235.
Ito, M., Matsukawa, M., Saito, T. & Nichols, D.J., 2006. Facies architecture and paleohydrology of a synrift succession in the Early Cretaceous Choyr Basin, southeastern Mongolia. Cretaceous Research 27, 226–240.
Kasse, C., Vanderberghe, J., Van Huissteden, J., Bohncke, S.J.P. & Bos, J.A.A., 2003. Sensitivity of Weichselian fluvial systems to climate change (Nochten mine, eastern Germany). Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2141–2156.
Khan, Z.A. & Tewari, R.C., 2011. Paleochannel and paleohydrology of a Middle Siwalik (Pliocene) fluvial system, northern India. Journal of Earth System Science 3, 531–543.
Kozarski, S. & Rotnicki, K., 1977. Valley floors changes of river channel patterns in the north Polish Plain during the late Wurm and Holocene. Quaestiones Geographicae 4, 51–93.
Kozarski, S., Gonera, P. & Antczak, B., 1988. Valley floor development and paleohydrological changes: the Late Vistulian and Holocene history of the Warta river (Poland). [In:] Lang, G. & Schluchter, C. (Eds), Lake, Mire and River Environments during the Last 15 000 Years. Balkema, Rotterdam, 185–203.
Kramarska, R., Uścinowicz, S. & Zachowicz, J., 2002. Kenozoik południowego Bałtyku – wybrane zagadnienia [Cenozoic of Southern Baltic – selected problems]. Przegląd Geologiczny 50, 709–716 (in Polish with English summary).
Kramarska, R., Kasiński J.R. & Czapowski G., 2008. Węgle brunatne w profile klifu Chłapowskiego [Lignites in Chłapowo cliff profile]. [In:] Kramarska R. & Jurys L. (Ed.), Dokumentowanie i ochrona złóż kopalin XI [Exploration and protection of raw material deposits XI], Gdańsk, 9–14.
Krzyszkowski, D., 1990. Middle and Late Weichselian stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments in central Poland. Boreas 19, 333–350.
Leleu, S., Hartley, A.J. & Williams, B.P., 2009. Large-scale alluvial architecture and correlation in a Triassic pebbly braided river system, lower Wolfville Formation (Fundy Basin, Nova Scotia, Canada). Journal of Sedimentary Research 79, 265–286.
Leopold, L.B. & Wolman, M.G., 1957a. River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering and Straight, Physio-graphic and hydraulic studies of rivers. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282 B, 39–85.
Leopold, L.B. & Wolman, M.G., 1957b. River flood plains: Some observations on their formation, physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282 C, 87–109.
Leopold, L.B. & Wolman, M.G., 1960. River meanders. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 71, 769–794.
Lindner, L., Marks, L. & Nita, M., 2013. Climatostratigraphy of interglacials in Poland: Middle and Upper Pleistocene lower boundaries from a Polish perspective. Quaternary International 292, 113–123.
Maizels, J.K., 1983. Paleovelocity and paleodischarge determination for coarse gravel deposits. [In:] Gregory, K.J. (Ed.), Background to Paleohydrology. Wiley, Chichester, 101–139.
Makowska, A., 2009. Międzymorenowa formacja dolnopowiślańska na tle budowy osadów plejstoceńskich pomorza nadwiślańskiego i jej rozwój w młodszym plejstocenie. [Intermorainic Lower Vistula Formation against the background of geological structure of Pleistocene deposits in Vistula Pomerania, and its development during the Younger Pleistocene]. Biuletyn PIG 437, 59–124 (in Polish with English summary).
Mange M.A. & Maurer F.W., 1992. Heavy minerals in colour. Chapman & Hall, London, 147 pp.
Marks, L., 2005. Pleistocene river systems in the southern peribaltic area as indication of interglacial sea level changes in the Baltic Basin. Quaternary International 130, 43–48.
Marks, L., Gałązka, D., Krzymińska, J., Nita, M., Stachowicz-Rybka, R., Witkowski, A., Woronko, B. & Dobosz, S. 2014. Marine transgressions during Eemian in northern Poland: A high resolution record from the type section at Cierpięta. Quaternary International, 328–329, 45–59.
Marzec, M. & Woźny, E., 1972. Litologia i stratygrafia utworów trzeciorzędu okolic Jastrzębiej Góry koło Pucka [Lithology and stratigraphy of Teritary deposits in the neighborhood of Jastrzębia Góra near Puck]. Przegląd Geologiczny 20, 562–570 (in Polish)
Miall, A.D., 1985. Architectural-element analysis: A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth-Science Reviews 22, 261–308.
Miall, A.D., 1996. The geology of fluvial deposits. Sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. Springer, New York, 582 pp.
Mojski, J.E., 2005. Ziemie polskie w czwartorzędzie. Zarys morfogenezy [Polish area in Quaternary. Outline of morphogenesis]. Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa, 404 pp.
Mol, J., Vandenberghe, J. & Kasse, C., 2000. River response to variations of periglacial climate in mid-latitude Europe. Geomorphology 33, 131–148.
Morton, R.A. & Donaldson, A.C., 1978. The Guadalupe River and Delta of Texas – a modern analogue for some ancient fluvial-deltaic systems. [In:] Miall, A.D. (Ed.), Fluvial sedimentology, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 5, 773–787.
Moskalewicz, D. & Sokołowski, R.J., 2014. Kenozoiczne sekwencje fluwialne w klifie chłapowskim [Cenozoic fluvial sequences in the Chłapowo cliff section]. [In:] Sokołowski, R.J., (Ed.), Ewolucja środowisk sedymentacyjnych regionu Pobrzeża Kaszubskiego [Evolution of sedimentary environments in Pobrzeże Kaszubskie region]. University of Gdansk, 39–49 (in Polish).
Nanson, G.C., 1980. Point bar and floodplain formation of the meandering Beatton River, northeastern British Columbia, Canada. Sedimentology 27, 3–29.
Olszak, I., 1996. Wiek TL osadów czwartorzędowych wschodniej części klifu Chłapowskiego [TL age of Quaternary sediments of the eastern part of Chłapowo cliff]. [In:] Kostrzewski, A. (Ed.), Geneza, litologia i stratygrafia utworów czwartorzędowych [Genesis, lithology and stratigraphy of Quaternary deposits] 2, 231–239 (in Polish with English summary).
Rohling, E.J., Grant, K., Bolshaw, M., Roberts, A.P., Siddall, M., Hemleben, Ch. & Kucera, M., 2009. Antarctic temperature and global sea level closely coupled over the past five glacial cycles. Nature Geoscience 2, 500–504.
Rohling, E.J., Medina-Elizalde, M., Shepherd, J.G., Siddall, M. & Stanford, J.D., 2012. Sea Surface and High-Latitude Temperature Sensitivity to Radiative Forcing of Climate over Several Glacial Cycles. Journal of Climate 25, 1635–1656.
Rohling, E.M., Fenton, M., Jorissen, F.J., Bertrand, P., Ganssen, G. & Caulet, J.P., 1998. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years. Nature 394, 162–165.
Rosentau, A., Harff, J., Oja, T. & Meyer, M., 2012. Post-glacial rebound and relative sea level changes in the Baltic Sea since the Littorina transgression. Baltica 25, 113–120.
Rust, B.R., 1978. A classification of alluvial channel systems. [In:] Miall, A.D. (Ed.), Fluvial Sedimentology. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 5, Calgary, 187–198.
Salamon T. & Zieliński T., 2010. Unusual development of sandur sedimentary succession, an example from the Pleistocene of S Poland. Geologos 16, 83–99.
Schumm, S.A., 1972. Fluvial paleochannels. [In:] Rigby, J.K. & Walton, W.K. (Eds), Recognition of Ancient Sedimentary Environments, SEPM Special Publications 16, 98–107.
Stewart, D.J., 1981. A meander-belt sandstone of the Lower Cretaceous of S England. Sedimentology 28, 1–20.
Teisseyre, A.K., 1985. Mady dolin sudeckich. Część I: Ogólna charakterystyka środowiskowa (na przykładzie zlewni górnego Bobru) [Alluvia of Sudeten rivers. Part I: General environmental description (an example of the upper Bóbr River Basin)]. Geologia Sudetica 20, 113–195 [In Polish with English summary].
Teisseyre, A.K., 1991. Klasyfikacja rzek w świetle analizy systemu fluwialnego i geometrii hydraulicznej. [Classification of rivers in the light of fluvial and hydraulic geometry analyses]. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, Prace Geologiczno-Mineralogiczne 22, 210 pp. [In Polish with English summary].
Todd, S.P. & Went, D.J., 1991. Lateral migration of sand-bed rivers: examples from the Devonian Glashabeg Formation, SW Ireland and the Cambrian Aldemey Sandstone Formation. Channel Islands. Sedimentology 38, 997–1020.
Toucanne, S., Zaragosi, S., Bourillet, J.F., Gibbard, P.L., Eynaud, F., Giraudeau, J., Turon, J.L., Cremer, M., Cortijo, E., Martinez, P. & Rossignol, L., 2009. A 1.2 Ma record of glaciation and fluvial discharge from the West European Atlantic margin. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2974–2981.
Tucker, M.E., 2003. Sedimentary rocks in the field. Wiley, Chichester, 234 pp.
Van Andel, T.H. & Tzedakis, P.C., 1996. Palaeolithic landscapes of Europe and environs, 150,000–25,000 years ago: an overview. Quaternary Science Reviews 15, 481–500.
Vandenberghe, J., 2001. A typology of Pleistocene cold-based rivers. Quaternary International 79, 111–121.
Vandenberghe, J., 2003. Climate forcing of fluvial system development: an evolution of ideas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2053–2060.
Vanderberghe, J. & Woo, M., 2002. Modern and ancient periglacial river types. Progress in Physical Geography 26, 479–506.
Van Huissteden, J. & Kasse, C., 2001. Detection of rapid climate change in Last Glacial fluvial successions in The Netherlands. Global and Planetary Change 28, 319–339.
Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Michel, E., Duplessy, J.C., McManus, J.F., Lambeck, K., Balbon, E. & Labracherie, M., 2002. Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 295–305.
Weckwerth, P. & Chabowski, M., 2013. Heavy minerals as a tool to reconstruct river activity during the Weichselian glaciation (Toruń Basin, Poland). Geologos 19, 25–46.
Williams, G.P., 1984. Paleohydrologic equations for rivers. [In:] Costa, J.E. & Fleisher, P.J. (Eds), Developments and Applications of Geomorphology. Springer, New York, 343–367.
Williams, G.P., 1986. River meanders and channel size. Journal of Hydrology 88, 147–164.
Zieliński, T., 1998. Litofacjalna identyfikacja osadów rzecznych [Lithofacial identification of alluvial sediments], [In:] E. Mycielska-Dowgiałło (Ed.): Struktury sedymentacyjne sedymentacyjne i postsedymentacyjne w osadach czwartorzędowych [Sedimentary and postsedimentary structures in Quaternary sediments and their value for interpretation], University of Warsaw Press, 195–260 (in Polish with English summary)
Zieliński T., 2007. The Pleistocene climate-controlled flu-vial sedimentary record in the Bełchatów mine (central Poland). Sedimentary Geology 193, 203–209.
Zieliński, T., 2014. Sedymentologia. Osady rzek i jezior [Sedimentology. Deposits of rivers and lakes]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań, 1–594.
Zieliński, T. & Goździk, J., 2001, Paleoenvironmental interpretation of a Pleistocene alluvial succession in central Poland: sedimentary facies analysis as a tool for paleoclimatic inferences. Boreas 30, 240–253.
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Damian Moskalewicz, Robert J. Sokołowski, Stanisław Fedorowicz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.