Keywords
salinity
homogenization temperatures (Th)
copper
How to Cite
Abstract
The Kushk-e-Bahram Manto-type Cu deposit is located in central Iran, within Eocene to Oligo–Miocene volcanic strata which occur in the central part of the Uremia-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA). Propylitization, silicification, argillization and carbonatization are the main types of alteration to have affected the pyroclastic and volcanic rocks. There are high amounts of oxide minerals, including malachite, azurite, hematite, magnetite and goethite. Three types of primary FIs have been determined in the Kushk-e-Bahram deposit, namely; I: two-phase liquid-rich FIs (L+V), II: mono-phase liquid FIs, III: two-phase vapour-rich FIs which have been identified based on petrographical studies. Based on FI studies of co-existing quartz and calcite, homogenization temperatures (Th) must have been between 67 and 228°C, with an average of 158°C. Moreover, salinity is between 14.0–30.3 wt% NaCl, equivalent to a 19.6% average. Fluid density values vary from 0.8 to 1.1 gr/cm3. Based on FI data and related diagrams, the depth of their trapping was estimated to be <200 m and ore formation occurred at pressures of <50 bars. Consequently, mineralogy, host rock and FIs characteristics in the Kushk-e-Bahram deposit are similar to the Manto-type Cu deposits in Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic belts of Iran and South America.
References
Abolipour, M., Rastad, E. & Rashidnejad, N., 2015. Manto type copper mineralization in pyrobitumen-bearing porphyritic andesite, Kashkouieh district of Rafsanjan, Dehaj Sardoiye subzone. Geosciences 24, 123–144.
Afzal, P., Khakzad, A., Moarefvand, P., Rashidnejad Omran, N., Esfandiari, B. & Fadakar Alghalandis, Y., 2010. Geochemical anomaly separation by multifractal modeling in Kahang (Gor Gor) porphyry system, Central Iran, Journal of Geochemical Exploration 104, 34–46.
Aghazadeh, M., Hou, Z., Badrzadeh, Z. & Zhou, L., 2015. Temporal–spatial distribution and tectonic setting of porphyry copper deposits in Iran: constraints from zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews 70, 385–406.
Alavi, M., 1994. Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations. Tectonophysics 229, 211–238.
Alipour-Asll, M., 2019. Geochemistry, fluid inclusions and sulfur isotopes of the Govin epithermal Cu-Au mineralization, Kerman province, SE Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 196, 156–172.
Alirezaei, A., Arvin, M. & Dargahi, S., 2017. Adakite-like signature of porphyry granitoid stocks in the Meiduk and Parkam porphyry copper deposits, NE of Shahr-e-Babak, Kerman, Iran: Constrains on geo-chemistry. Ore Geology Reviews 88, 370–383.
Alizadeh, V., Momenzadeh, M. & Emami, HM., 2013. Petrography, geochemistry, mineralogy, fluid inclusions and mineralization study of Varezg-Qayen copper deposit. Geosciences 22, 47–58.
Amidi, MA., Shahrabi, M. & Navaei, Y., 2006. Geological map of Zavieh, 1: 100,000. Geological Survey of Iran.
Beane, RE. & Bodnar, RJ., 1995. Hydrothermal fluids and hydrothermal alteration in porphyry copper deposits. [In:] Wahl, P.W. & Bolm, J.G. (Eds): Porphyry Copper Deposits of the American Cordillera, Tucson, Arizona. Arizona Geological Society, 83–93.
Berberian, M. & King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 210–265.
Bodnar, R.J., 1993. Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-NaCl solutions. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 57,683–684.
Boric, R., Holmgren, C., Wilson, NSF. & Zentilli, M., 2002. The Geology of the El Soldado Manto Type Cu (Ag) Deposit, Central Chile. [In:] Porter, T.M. (Ed.): Hydro-thermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A Global Perspective. PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 163–184.
Boveiri, M., Rstad, E., Kojima, S. & Rashidnejad, N., 2013. Volcanic redbed-type copper mineralization in the Lower Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence of the Keshtmahaki deposit, southern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran. Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry 107–121.
Calagari, A.A., 2004. Fluid inclusion studies in quartz veinlets in the porphyry copper deposit at Sungun, East-Azarbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 23, 179–189.
Campus, F., 1980. Distroto Minero Punta del cobre, modelo interpretative. Revista Geologica de Chile 11, 51–76.
Carrillo-Rosua, J., Boyce, A.J., Morales, S. & Rodriguez, V.M., 2014. Extremely negative and inhomogeneous sulfur isotope signatures in Cretaceous Chilean Manto type Cu–(Ag) deposits, Coastal Range of central Chile. Ore Geology Reviews 56, 13–24.
Esmaeli, M., Lotfi, M. & Nezafati, N., 2015. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Khalyfehlou copper deposit, Southeast Zanjan, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8, 9625–9633.
Fazli, N., Ghaderi, M. & Maghfouri, S., 2015. Eastern Narbaghi Manto type stratabound copper mineralization in Eocene volcano-sedimentary sequence, northeast Saveh. [In:] Iran 33th National Geosciences Symposium, 10.
Ghaderi, M., Fazli, N., Yan, S., Lentz, D.R. & Li, J.W., 2016. Fluid inclusion studies on North Narbaghi intermediate sulphidation epithermal Ag-Cu deposit, Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic arc, Iran. [In:] World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium, Prague, 8.
Haas, J.I., 1971. The effect of salinity on the maximum thermal gradient of a hydrothermal system at hydro-static pressure. Economic Geology 6, 940–946.
Haschke, M., Ahmadian, J., Murata, M. & McDonald, I., 2010. Copper mineralization prevented by arc-root delamination during Alpine–Himalayan collision in central Iran. Economic Geology 105, 855–865.
Hezarkhani, A., 2006. Petrology of Intrusive rocks within the Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 73, 326–340.
Imer, A., Richards, J. & Muehlenbachs, K., 2016. Hydro-thermal evolution of the Çöpler porphyry-epithermal Au deposit, Erzincan Province, central eastern Turkey, Economic Geology 111, 1619–1658.
Jebeli, M., Afzal, P., Pourkermani, M. & Jafarirad, A., 2018. Correlation between rock types and Copper mineralization using fractal modeling in Kushk-e-Bahram deposit, Central Iran. Geopersia 8, 131–141.
Karami, K. & Afzal, P., 2015. Application of multifractal modeling for separation of sulfidic mineralized zones based on induced polarization and resistivity data in the Ghare-Tappeh Cu deposit, NW Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 7, 134–141.
Kesler, S.E., 2005. Ore-forming fluids. Elements 1, 13–18.
Kojima, S., Astudillo, J., Rojo, J., Trista, D. & Hayashi, K., 2003. Ore mineralogy, fluid inclusion, and stable isotopic characteristics of stratiform copper deposits in the coastal Cordillera of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita 38, 208–216.
Kojima, S., Trista, D., Guilera, A. & Kenichiroayashi, H., 2009. Genetic aspects of the Manto type copper deposits based on geochemical studies of north Chilean deposits. Resource Geology 59, 87–98.
Maghfouri, S. & Movahednia, M., 2015. Investigation of geology and mineralization of Abbas Abad copper deposit and camper with Manto type deposit. [In:] 18th Symposium on Iranian Geosciences. Tarbiat Modares Univ. (in Persian with English abstract).
Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Moayyed, M, Movahednia, M. & Choulet, F., 2016. Geology, mineralization and sulfur isotopes geochemistry of the Mari Cu (Ag) Manto type deposit, northern Zanjan, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 81, 10–22.
McInnes, B.I.A., Evans, N.J., Fu, F.Q., Garwin S., Belousova, E., Griffin, W.L., Bertens, A., Sukama, D., Permanadewi S., Andrew, R.L. & Deckart, K., 2005. Thermal history analysis of selected Chilean, Indonesian, and Iranian Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits. [In:] Porter, T.M. (Ed.): Super porphyry copper and gold deposits: A global perspective. PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 1–16.
McQuarrie, N., Stock, J.M., Verdel, C. & Wernicke, B.P., 2003. Cenozoic evolution of Neotethys and implications for the causes of plate motions. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 20–36.
Oyarzun, R., Ortega, L., Sierra, J., Lunar, R. & Oyarzun, J., 1998. Cu, Mn, and Ag mineralization in the Quebrada Marquesa Quadrangle, Chile: The Talcuna and Arqueros districts. Mineralium Deposita 33, 547–559.
Rajabpour, S., Behzadi, M., Jiang, S., Rasa, I., Lehmann, B. & Ma, Y., 2017. Sulfide chemistry and sulfur isotope characteristics of the Cenozoic volcanic-hosted Kuh-Pang copper deposit, Saveh county, northwestern central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 86, 563–583.
Ramdohr, P., 1980. The Ore Minerals and their Inter-growths. Pergamon Press, 1205 pp.
Ramirez, L.E., Palacios, C., Townley, B., Parada, M.A., Sial, A.N., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., Gimeno, D., Garcia-Valles, M. & Lehmann, B., 2006. The Mantos Blancos copper deposit: an upper Jurassic breccia-style hydrothermal system in the coastal range of northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita 41, 246–258.
Redmond, P.B., Einaudi, M.T., Inan, E.E., Landtwing, M.R. & Heinrich, C.A., 2004. Copper deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: new insights from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit, Utah. Geology 32, 217–220.
Rezaei, S., Lotfi, M., Afzal, P., Jafari, M.R. & Shamseddin Meigoony, M., 2015. Prospecting of copper and gold occurrences using multifractal modeling with index overlay integration in Saveh, Central Iran. Mineral Resources Management 31, 51–74.
Rezaei-Kahkhaei, M., Galindo, C., Pankhurst, R.J. & Esmaeily, D., 2011. Magmatic differentiation in the calc-alkaline Khalkhab–Neshveh pluton, Central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 42, 499–514.
Richards, J.P., 2015. Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: From subduction to collision. Ore Geology Reviews 70, 323–345.
Roedder, E., 1971. Fluid inclusion studies on the porphyry-type ore deposits at Bingham, Utah, Butte, Montana, and Climax, Colorado. Economic Geology 66, 98–118.
Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Mineral Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy 12, 644 pp.
Roedder, E., Bodnar, R.J., 1980. Geologic pressure determinations from fluid inclusion studies. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 8, 263.
Salehi, L. & Rasa, I., 2016. Sulfur Isotopic Characteristics of the Chalcocite in Madan Bozorg Cu Deposits, Abbas Abad, NE Iran. [In:] 34th National and the 2nd International Geosciences Congress, Tehran, Iran.
Samani, B., 1998. Distribution, setting and metallogenesis of copper deposits in Iran. [In:] Porter, T.M. (Ed.): Porphyry and Hydrothermal Copper and Gold Deposits: A Global Perspective. PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 151–174.
Samani, B., 2003. Metallogeny of Manto copper deposits in Iran. [In:] 6th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran, 8.
Shafiei, B., Haschke, M. & Shahabpour, J., 2009. Recycling of orogenic arc crust triggers porphyry Cu mineralization in Kerman Cenozoic arc rocks, southeastern Iran. Mineralium Deposita 44, 265–283.
Shahabpour, J. & Kramers, J.D., 1987. Lead isotope data from the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Mineralium Deposita 22, 278–281.
Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. & Alderton, D.H.M., 1985. A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies. Blackie & Sons, Glasgow, 239 pp.
Simmons, S.F., White, N.C. & John, D., 2005. Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits. Economic Geology 100, 485–522.
Ulrich, T., Gunther, D. & Heinrich, C.A., 2002. The evolution of a porphyry Cu-Au deposit, based on LA-ICPMS analysis of fluid inclusions. Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina. Economic Geology 97, 1888–1920.
Wang, G.G., Ni, P., Wang, R.C., Zhao, K.D., Chen, H., Ding, J.Y., Zhao, C. & Cai, Y.T., 2013. Geological, fluid inclusion and isotopic studies of the Yinshan Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, south China: Implications for ore genesis and exploration. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 74, 343–360.
Wilson, N.S.F., & Zentilli, M., 2006. Association of pyro-bitumen with copper mineralization from the Uchumi and Talcuna districts, central Chile. International Journal of Coal Geology 65, 158–169.
Yao, J., Ni, P., Zhao, K.D. & Wang, H.T., 2012. Evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Tongchang porphyry copper deposit, Dexing, NE Jiangxi province. Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology and Geochemistry 31, 97–108 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zarasvandi, A., Rezaei, M., Sadeghi, M., Lentz, D. & Pourkaseb, H., 2015. Rare earth element signatures of economic and sub-economic porphyry copper systems in Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA), Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 70, 407–423.
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Marjan Jebeli, Peyman Afzal, Mohsen Pourkermani, Alireza Jafarirad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.