Abstract
The battle of Kumanovo traditionally passes as the most important clash of the Serbian and the Ottoman armies in the First Balkan War. The analysis of the military potential of both parties to the conflict, the weapons used by both armies, the positioning of forces, the battle plans and their realizations made possible a new interpretation of the course of the battle and its real meaning. In the light of recent studies, as it turned out, the command of the first Serbian Army not only did not predict the fight to take place near Kumanovo, but it was also unaware of the military operations happening near Kumanovo until the end of the first day of the battle. The ultimate success of the Serbian Army in the battle came more as a result of a lucky coincidence and the actions of the commanding line officers, rather than conscious military operations of the Serbian command, which did not join in the battle until its final stage. As a result of the battle of Kumanovo, the Ottoman Vardar army commanded by Zeki Pasha, which was the strongest one at the site, indeed suffered large losses and was forced to retreat, however, it was not the ultimate defeat. The later battles of Kratovo and Kočani and especially of Prilep and Monastir proved to be decisive. The myth of Kumanovo as a decisive battle of the war served as dynastic propaganda for the Karađorđević and namely, for the current heir to the throne, Aleksander, who formally, assumed command of the fighting troops. The myth was established, though, and also nowadays, the battle of Kumanovo is treated as a symbol of Serbian victory, as, among other things the ceremonies held in 2012 at the 100th anniversary of the battle prove.References
Adamczak S., Firlej-Adamczak K., Bzowski K., Gołębiowski Ł., Czarnogóra, Serbia, Macedonia, Kosowo i Albania, Bielsko-Biała, 2011.
Andrić A., Istorija Srba, Beograd, 2012.
Bartnicki A., Konflikty kolonialne 1869- 1939, Warszawa, 1971.
Batowski H., Państwa bałkańskie 1878- 1923. Zarys historii dyplomatycznej i rozwoju terytorialnego, Kraków, 1938.
Batowski H., Podstawy sojuszu bałkańskiego 1912 r. Studium z historii dyplomatycznej 1806-1912, Kraków, 1939.
Boj iznad Vekova. Sto godina od kumanovske bitke, Beograd, 2012.
Bączkowski W., Samoloty I Wojny Światowej, Warszawa, 2000.
Budziński J. R., Polityka zagraniczna Rosji 1907- 1914, Toruń, 2000.
Campbell C., The Balkan War drama, New York, 1913.
Czekalski T., Albania w latach 1920- 1924, aparat państwowy i jego funkcjonowanie, Katowice, 1998.
Czekalski T., Bułgaria, Warszawa, 2010.
Dąbrowski J., Wielka Wojna 1914- 1918 [w:] Wielka Historia Powszechna, Warszawa, 1937.
Despot L., The Balkan Wars in the Eye of Warring Press, Bloomington, 2012.
Dymarski M., Aspekty ekonomiczne i społeczne wojen bałkańskich 1912- 1913, „Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et Studia”, 2012, t. 19, s. 221-230.
Dymarski M., Konflikty na Bałkanach w okresie kształtowania się państw narodowych w XIX i na początku XX wieku, Wrocław, 2010.
Erickson E.J., Defeat in Detail. The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912- 1913, London, 2003.
Ford C.S., The Balkan Wars, Being a Series of Lectures Delivered at the Army Since School, Kansas, 2010.
Ford R., Historia broni maszynowej od roku 1860 do czasów współczesnych, Warszawa, 1999.
Gerolymatos A., The Balkan Wars. Conquest and the Revolution from the Ottoman Era to the Twentieth Century and Beyond, New York, 2002.
Gibas-Krzak D., Serbsko albański konflikt o Kosowo w XX wieku. Uwarunkowania- przebieg-konsekwencje, Toruń, 2008.
Gibas-Krzak D., Wojny bałkańskie 1912- 1913 przyczyną nacjonalizmu „gorącego” na Bałkanach w XX wieku. Zarys problemu, „Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et Studia”, 2012, t. 19, s. 121-138.
Giza A., Armia bułgarska w latach 1875- 1913, „Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Wojskowości”, 1989, t. 32.
Giza A., Państwa bałkańskie wobec kwestii macedońskiej w latach 1878- 1918, Szczecin, 1996.
Giza A., Ziemie macedońskie na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, Szczecin, 1996.
Giza A., Filipow K., Wojny bałkańskie 1912- 1913. Aspekty polityczne i militarne (początki niewoli Bułgarów w Macedonii Egejskiej i Wardarskiej, Białystok, 2002.
Gozdawa-Gołębiowski J., Od wojny krymskiej do bałkańskiej, Gdańsk, 1985.
Hall R. C., The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War, London, 2000.
Haskew M. E., Artyleria. Artyleria od I wojny światowej do współczesności, Warszawa, 2010.
Hauziński J., Czekalski T., Historia Albanii, Wrocław, 2009.
Hogg I., Artyleria dwudziestego wieku, Warszawa, 2001.
Immanuel F., Der Balkankrieg 1912, Berlin, 1913.
Jelavich B., Historia Bałkanów, t. 2, Kraków, 2006.
Jovanović Z.M., Zebrnjak u traganja za porekama jednog spomenika, ili o kultury sećanja kod Srba, Beograd, 2004.
Jovett P.S., Walsh S., Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912- 1913. The priming charge for the Great War, Oxford, 2011.
Jovičić A., Balkanski ratovi 1912/1913 godine, Beograd, 2006.
Kadijević A.Đ., Odjeci Prvog balkanskog rata u srpskoj arhitekturi [w:] Prvi balkanski rat 1912/1913. godine. Društveni i civilizacijni smisao (Povodom stogodišnjice oslobođenja Stare Srbije i Makedonije), red. A. Rastović, Niš, 2013, s. 138- 144.
Kołodziejczyk D., Turcja, Warszawa, 2011.
Koskowski B., Ostatni rozbiór Turcji. Rozkład państwa tureckiego w Europie. Polityka europejska względem Turcji – czem jest Turcja Azjatycka ?, Warszawa- Łódź- Kraków, 1915.
Krukowska M., Jugosławia, Warszawa, 1985.
Krzak A., I wojna bałkańska- plany wojenne i charakterystyka sił konfliktu [w:] Poznać Bałkany. Historia-Polityka-Kultura-Języki, red. K. Taczyńska, A. Twardowska, t. 4, Toruń, 2012.
Kukiel M., Dzieje polityczne Europy od rewolucji francuskiej, London, 1992.
Malinowski A., Kwestia macedońska w Bułgarii w latach 1878- 1918, Toruń 2006.
McMeekin S., Ekspres Berlin- Bagdad. Kajzer, islam i imperium osmańskie (1898- 1918), Kraków, 2012.
Michalak P., Bitwa pod Kumanovem na łamach gazety „Politika”- mit umacniający pozycję polityczną króla Aleksandra I Karadjordjevicia, „Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et Studia”, 2012, t. 19, s. 169-179.
Moroz-Grzelak L., Nadzieje i stracone złudzenia. Wojny bałkańskie w świetle tekstów Dimitriji Čupovskiego i Krste P. Misirkova, „Balcanica Posnaniensia”, 2012, t. 19, s. 297- 307.
Mučibabić S., Vojna nauka i ratna veština u prvom Balkanskom Ratu, u: Prvi Balkanski Rat 1912 godine i kraj osmanskog carstwa u Balkana, red. V. Stojančević, Beograd, 2007.
Myatt F., Broń strzelecka XIX wieku, Warszawa, 1995.
Nab Ch., Broń strzelecka XX stulecia, Warszawa, 2002.
Opačić P., Kumanovska bitka, Beograd, 2005.
Pajewski J., Historia powszechna 1871- 1918, Warszawa, 1978.
Pavlowitch S.K., Historia Bałkanów (1804- 1945), Warszawa, 2009.
Piłsudski J., Pisma zbiorowe, t. 3, Warszawa, 1937.
Popović L., Miličević M., Generali vojske Kneževine i Kraljevine Srbije, Beograd, 2003.
Prvi balkanski rat 1912/1913. godine. Društveni i civilizacijni smisao (Povodom stogodišnjice oslobođenja Stare Srbije i Makedonije), red. A. Rastović, Niš, 2013.
Prvi Balkanski Rat. Okrugli sto povodom 75. godišnjici 1912-1987, 28 i 29. Oktobar 1987/La premiere guerre balkanique. Table ronde consacree au 75me Anniversaire 1912-1987. Les 28 et29 octobre 1987, red. V. Stojančević, Beograd, 1991.
Rabka R., Bałkany 1912- 1913, Warszawa, 2009.
Ratković B., Đurišić M., Skoko S., Srbija i Crna Gora u Balkanskim ratovima 1912- 1913, Beograd, 1972.
Rawski T., Państwa Europy Południowo- Wschodniej i ich armie podczas wojen bałkańskich w latach 1912- 1913 [w:] Państwa narodowe Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej w XX wieku, red. W. Balcerak, Łowicz-Warszawa, 2000.
Reychman J., Historia Turcji, Wrocław, 1973.
Ross C., Im Balkankrieg, Berlin, 1913.
Rubacha J., Bułgarski sen o Bizancjum. Polityka zagraniczna Bułgarii w latach 1878- 1913, Warszawa, 2004.
Rubacha J., Wielkie mocarstwa europejskie wobec wojen bałkańskich 1912-1913, „Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia”, 2012, t. 19, s. 207-220.
Sajkowski W., Pierwsza wojna bałkańska według francuskie go dziennika „Le Temps”, a zachodnioeuropejskie stereotypy dotyczące ludów bałkańskich, „Balcanica Posnaniensia”, 2012, t. 19, s. 241-248.
Schurman J. G., The Balkan Wars 1912- 1913, New York, 2005.
Shaw S. J., Shaw E. K., Historia Imperium Osmańskiego i Republiki Tureckiej, t. 2, Warszawa, 2012.
Skowronek J., Tanty M., Wasilewski T., Historia Słowian Południowych i Zachodnich, Warszawa, 2005.
Stanisavljević Ž., Kumanovska bitka, Beograd, 1961.
Stawowy-Kawka I., Historia Macedonii, Wrocław, 2000.
Stawowy-Kawka I., Historia Macedonii, Wrocław, 2000.
Stępnik K., Wojny lat 1912-1913 w prasie polskiej. Korespondencje wojenne i komentarze polityczne, Lublin, 2011.
Szlanta P., Kolej Bagdadzka- polityka mocarstw na Środkowym Wschodzie przed 1914 rokiem [w:] Konflikty kolonialne i postkolonialne w Afryce i Azji 1869- 2006, red. P. Ostaszewski, Warszawa, 2006, s. 355-382.
Szczepański W., Belgrad odkrywa Kosowo [w:] Mity historyczno- polityczne- wyobrażenia zbiorowe- polityka historyczna. Studia i materiały, red. E. Ponczek, A. Sepkowski i M. Rekść, t.3, Toruń 2013.
Szczepański W., Mity i stereotypy. Stosunek elit serbskich do Albańczyków z wilajetu kosowskiego (1878- 1912), „Przegląd Zachodni”, 2007, z. 3.
Tanty M., Bałkany w XX wieku, Warszawa, 2003.
Tanty M., Rosja wobec wojen bałkańskich 1912- 1913 roku, Warszawa, 1970.
Trotzki L., Die Balkankriege 1912- 1913, Essen, 1996.
Walkiewicz W., Jugosławia. Byt wspólny i rozpad, seria: Historia państw świata w XX wieku, Warszawa, 2000.
Wasilewski T., Felczak W., Historia Jugosławii, Wrocław, 1985.
Wituch T., Tureckie przemiany. Dzieje Turcji 1878- 1923, Warszawa, 1980.
Vachkov A., The Balkan War 1912- 1913, Sofia, 2005.
License
- The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person.The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
- The Author grants the Purchaser non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons. - The Author grants the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan permission to:
3.1. reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
3.2. send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases. - The Author declares that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Purchaser is entitled and obliged to allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the attributed license pattern Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons. Thereby, the Author entitles all interested parties to use the work, for non-commercial purposes only, under the following conditions:
4.1. acknowledgment of authorship, i.e. observing the obligation to provide, along with the distributed work, information about the author, title, source (link to the original Work, DOI) and of the license itself.
4.2. the derivatives of the Work are subject to the same conditions, i.e. they may be published only based on a licence which would be identical to the one granting access to the original Work. - The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań is obliged to
5.1. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.2. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
Other provisions
- The University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań hereby preserves the copyright to the journal as a whole (layout/stylesheet, graphics, cover design, logo etc.)