HISTORY OF THE DATIVE MARKERS IN KOREAN LANGUAGE : FROM OLD KOREAN TO CONTEMPORARY KOREAN

The focus of this paper and the intention of the author are to show in a diachronic perspective how the dative markers in Korean Language have changed and evolved during two thousand years of history. The rise of new writing systems during 8 century such as Idu and also the difference of the structure of the language between Chinese and Korean bring different conclusions. In particular, this paper will focus on the different grammatical origins of dative markers and additionally the morphological changes will be shown in those structures, especially with the rise of the Korean Alphabet in 15 century.


Language
Early Old Korean corresponds to the period where Korean people are going to use a writing system for the first time: Chinese Characters (Hancha).There is also unification of the Korean Language, one in the southern part, the "Han Language", and one in the northern part, the "Kokuryŏ Language".This is the first period of transformation of the Korean Language28 .

Data
The three main structures of the classical period described by Peyraube are still followed and a new construction emerged: V1+V2+IO+DO (see the texts of Sī Mǎqiān in Shǐjì) 29 .Concerning 123 Korean data itself, we have to wait until the 5 th century in order to have materials written by Koreans in Classical Chinese30 .In the 5 th century, Chinese characters are used officially as a written language in Korea.The first text we find written by the Koreans is the stele of the king Kwanggaet'o (414) which is a description of the victory against the Manchu and the Wa (Japanese).Here is an example of the dative case in Old Korean.

Historical Background
Unified Silla (668-935) is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla when it conquered Paekche and Kokuryŏ.The cultural influence of China is increasingly important.During this period, many native words are replaced by Chinese lexical items such as "river": Example: 강 kang from Chinese lexicon 江 jiāng "river".(Old name was 가람 karam).

Language
In the 7 th century, Koreans started to realize that the structure of Korean language does not fit with the one in Chinese.Korean Language is supposed to belong to Ural-Altaic Language with a SOV structure while Chinese Language is originated from Sino-Tibetan Language Family with a SVO structure.The most important difference is that Chinese is an isolating language while Korean is an agglutinative one.So the lecture of Classical Chinese by Korean scholars is very difficult.In order to make the reading easier, Koreans have decided to create new writing systems.It is called Idu or Lìdú (吏讀) in Chinese.
① First period: around 5 th century Hyanch'al System writing: "Local Letters" (Hyangch'al) Hyangch'al is an archaic writing system of Korea and was used to transcribe the Korean Language into Chinese Characters.Under the Hyangch'al system, Chinese characters were given a Korean reading based on the syllable associated with the character.Called "Vernacular Letters" or "Local Letters", this ancient form of writing borrows the meaning of the character and sometimes its pronunciation.These "Local Letters" were more intended to represent poetry or traditional Korean songs.From the 6th century, we can say not only that Chinese writing not only has gained a foothold in the Korean language, but it is also the time when the loan words from Chinese lexicon really make their appearance.During Unified Silla 31 (668 -935), new types of writing system appeared.
② Second Period: around 7th century Idu writing system: "Lecturer for public officer" 31 Unified Silla is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea when it conquered Baekje in 660 and Kokuryo in 668, unifying the southern portion of the Korean peninsula.Its last king, ruling over a state in name only, submitted to the emerging Koryo in 935, bringing the dynasty to an end.
Idu is an archaic writing system that represents the Korean language using Chinese characters.The Idu script used the Chinese characters along with special symbols to indicate Korean verb endings and other grammatical markers that were different in Korean from Chinese (Nam, 2000: 57).In a broad sense, Idu is a term that refers to all borrowings of Chinese characters; it is a use of Chinese characters adapted to Korean grammar.It was during this period (8 th and 9 th century) that Korean people began to combine Chinese and Korean.Terms are expressed in Chinese characters, and suffixes and auxiliaries in Korean.This system had the advantage of being used for more than eight centuries before the use of the current Korean alphabet.This monk Sŏl Chong is usually presented as the inventor of this writing system.In the late 8 th century, between these two systems emerged another mode of writing.

Data
As we mentioned before, Buddhism spread over the peninsula.Two monks, Wonhyo and Uisang, symbolize this phenomenon (Lee, 1992).
From this period of time, most of the texts and documents have disappeared.For instance, only 25 poems remain but we cannot find any dative marker in them.

Historical background
Koryŏ was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by King Taejo.The cultural and the political influence of Song China were increasingly influential.In 958, King Kwangjong set up the national civil service examinations.These tests measured candidates' knowledge of the Chinese classics.Buddhism and Confucianism had also a strong impact on the Korean peninsula.

Language
During the Koryo dynasty the Chinese Korean lexicon took shape.The Idu writing system and the influence of the Chinese lexicon over the native words in Korean are very important.Meanwhile, another writing system is created in Koryŏ dynasty called Kukyŏl (Na, 2008:63).Unlike the Idu and Hyangch'al systems which preceded it, Kukyŏl used specialized markings, together with a subset of Chinese characters, to represent Korean morphological markers.Also, the Idu and Hyangch'al systems appear to have been used primarily to render the Korean language into Chinese characters; on the other hand, Kukyŏl sought to render Chinese texts into Korean with a minimum of distortion.

Data
In Early Middle Korean, we can identify one dative marker: yŏkchung (역중亦中).We can notice here that the size of the Chinese Character to express grammatical markers is smaller than the rest of the sentences below.That is also the case for the dative marker in Korean (Ko, 1977).

Dative constructions originating from demonstrative Pronoun: 의 그어긔
In Late Middle Korean, the locative demonstrative pronoun turned to be used as a dative marker.

Historical background
What is so significant about this time period?It is that war altered the course of language development, in this part of the world, and thus caused the progress of that language to be suspended.Prior to the war with the Japanese in 1592 Seoul was a city with a population of 80,000.It should be also be noted that this extensive migration of Korean people, due to the Japanese invasion of 1592, exhibited great influence on the development of contemporary Korean.

Language
At that time, language change is accelerated because of the war leading to intellectual influence of the various dialects.For example, some dialects of South directly affected the dialects of the central region.
For example, △ "/" z is lost after the war in the 17th century.After the Japanese invasions, the Kingdom of Korea closes on itself and the ruling classes refuse any outside influence.The country became isolationist and the successive kings prevent any contact with foreign countries other with than China Manchu to which they pay tribute.It is also during this period that has the nickname "Hermit Kingdom" came to refer to Korea.This isolationism, slowed technical progress and any reform of institutions, resulting in a long decline, and made Korea prey foreign powers.This isolationist policy eventually materializes in linguistic borrowing from China.Despite the still important influence of the "Middle Kingdom", a tendency to change Chinese loan words grows gradually.After the devastating effects of the war, Seoul lost approximately half its population largely due to extensive migration to other parts of the world necessary to relieve economic and social pressure caused by the war effort.Therefore, the war of 1592 has been generally agreed upon as the dividing line between the Late Middle Korean to Modern one.By so doing the focus of the language switches from written to oral (also from Cho, 2008).

Conclusion
We find the first dative marker in Korean in the 5 th century with the stele of the king Kwanggaet'o.Before that period, we can only suppose that Korean people were using the grammar of Chinese until the rise of the Idu writing system (6 th -7 th ).However, we will have to wait until the Koryŏ Dynasty (918-1392) to see the first Korean dative marker.

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First evidence of dative marker in Korean with 與yǔ in the 5 th century. 13 th century: Chinese Characters 亦中 (역중 yŏkchung) is used as the first dative marker in Early Middle Korean.The sizes of those characters are smaller in order to show the grammatical role in the sentence.It belongs to Idu writing system. 15 th century: Korean Language has his own alphabet and thus Chinese Characters are replaced by Korean letters.Datives markers are also using the Korean Alphabet.

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Dative markers in Korean have different grammatical origins: There are three main dative structures in Archaic Chinese and two main dative markers: yú 于 and Yǐ 以 Kye, overthrew the Koryŏ Kingdom and at the same time ended Mongol domination which had lasted until the 1350s.During its reign, Chosŏn consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea, encouraged the entrenchment of Korean Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society, imported and adapted Chinese culture, and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, science, literature, and technology.King Sejong profoundly affected Korean history with his introduction of Hangul, the native phonetic alphabet system for the Korean language.Before the creation of Hangul, only members of the highest class were literate (hanja was typically used to write Korean by using adapted Chinese characters, while Hanmun was sometimes used to write court documents in classical Chinese).Late Middle Korean sees the rise of the Korean Alphabet.During that period, we can observe origins among the dative markers in Korean language: verb, noun, demonstrative pronoun 지난번에 왜 걔가 나더러 좀 더 남을 배려하라고 한 거지? chinanbŏn e wae kyaeka nadŏrŏ chom dŏ namŭl baeryŏharako han kŏchi last-time-why-he-subject-marker-me-IO-little-more-consider Why did he tell me to be more considerate last time?