Keywords
maritime vocabulary
Japonic
Kyushu-Ryukyuan
language spread
genetic subgrouping
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper constitutes a preliminary linguistic test of the hypothesis which postulates that shared Kyushu-Ryukyuan
lexicon related to maritime knowledge provides evidence for a Kyushu-Ryukyuan subgrouping within the Japonic cladogram. The paper introduces Kyushu-Ryukyuan cognates and potential shared lexical innovations in seafaring vocabulary, cardinal directions and navigation, and marine fauna, all of which suggest a shared Kyushu-Ryukyuan navigation culture, as well as common maritime subsistence and lifestyle patterns. The case is reinforced by several promising cases of common morphological features between Kyushu and Ryukyuan. The overall conclusion is that the compared linguistic data does support the Kyushu-Ryukyuan clade. Finally, we identify a mismatch between lexical and morphological evidence concerning lower-unit classification of the South Japonic node. We observe that while shared innovative vocabulary allows to postulate Proto-Satsugū-Ryukyuan within Kyushu-Ryukyuan as the most direct mainland ancestor of Ryukyuan languages – the predecessor pre-Proto-Ryukyuan language that was still spoken in Kyushu in the first millennium AD – shared grammatical features do not suggest any particular subdivision of Kyushu-Ryukyuan.
References
Asato Susumu 安里進 & Doi Naomi 土井直美. 1999. Okinawa-jin-wa Doko-kara Kitaka: “Ryūkyū = Oki-nawa--jin”-no Kigen-to Seiritsu 沖縄人はどこから来たか「琉球＝沖縄人」の起源と成立 [Where did Okinawans come from? Origin and formation of “Ryukyu=Okinawan people”]. Naha 那覇市: Bōdā Inku ボーダーインク.
Chambers, J.K. & Trudgill, Peter. 2004. Dialectology. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ding Feng 丁鋒. 2008. Ri-Han Liu-Han Duiyin Yu Ming-Qing Guanhua Yanjiu 日漢琉漢對音與明清官話音研究 [A study of Sino-Japanese sound correspondences and the sound system of Mandarin during the Ming-Qing period]. Beijing 北京: Zhonghua Shuju 中华书局.
Douglas, Carstairs. 1873. Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular: Spoken language of Amoy. London: Trübner.
Everett, Daniel. 2017. How language began: The story of humanity’s greatest invention. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.
Fija, Bairon & Heinrich, Patrick & Brezinger, Matthias. 2009. The Ryukyus and the new, but endangered, languages of Japan. The Asia-Pacific Journal 7(19). (https://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/3138/article.html) (Accessed 2023-12-12.)
Fortescue, Michael. 1998. Language relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the archeological and lin-guistic evidence. London–New York: Cassell.
Frellesvig, Bjarke. 2010. A history of the Japanese language. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778322
Gallagher, Stephen J. & Akihisa Kitamura & Yasufumi Iryu & Takuya Itaki & Itaru Koizumi & Hoiles, Peter W. 2015. The Pliocene to recent history of the Kuroshio and Tsushima currents: A multi-proxy approach. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 2(1). 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-015-0045-6
Hattori Shirō 服部四郎. 1978. Nihon sogo-ni tsuite 日本祖語について [On Proto-Japanese]. In Hattori Shirō 服部四郎, Nihon sogo-no saiken 日本祖語の再建 [Reconstructing Proto-Japanese], annotated by Uwano Zendō, 87-402. Tokyo 東京都: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店.
Hattori Shirō 服部四郎. 1979. On’in hōsoku-no reigai: Ryūkyū bunkashi-e-no hitokiyo 音韻法則の例外 ― 琉球文化史への一寄与 [Exceptions in sound rules: a contribution on the cultural history of the Ryukyus]. In Hattori Shirō 服部四郎, Nihon sogo-no saiken 日本祖語の再建 [Reconstructing Proto-Japanese], annotated by Uwano Zendō, 439-72. Tokyo 東京都: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店.
Hattori Shirō 服部四郎. 2018. Nihon sogo-no saiken 日本祖語の再建 [Reconstructing Proto-Japanese]. Tokyo 東京都: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店.
Heinrich, Patrick. 2012. The making of monolingual Japan: Language ideology and Japanese modernity. Bristol–Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847696588
Heinrich, Patrick & Shinsho Miyara & Michinori Shimoji. 2015. Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages. Berlin–Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511151
Higa Yoshiyuki 比嘉吉志. 2021. Kinsei Ryūkyū-ni okeru jinkō suii-no chiikisei-ni tsuite 近世琉球における人口推移の地域性について [Regional characteristics of demographic patterns in early modern Ryu-kyu]. Journal of Regional Science for Small Islands 2. 19-39.
Hokama Shuzen外間守善 (ed.). 1970. Konkōkenshū: Kōhon-to kenkyū 混効験集 校本と研究 [Konkōkenshū: Textbooks and research]. Tokyo: Kadokawa shoten.
Hokama Shuzen外間守善. 2000. Okinawa-no kotoba-to rekishi 沖縄の言葉と歴史 [The language and history of Okinawa]. Tokyo 東京都: Chūōkōron Shinsha 中公論新社.
Igarashi Yōsuke 五十嵐陽介. 2016. Ryūkyūgo-o haijo shita ‘nihongo-ha’ naru keitōgun-wa hatashite seiritsu suru-noka? ‘Kyūshū-ryūkyūgo-ha’-to ‘chūō nihongo-ha’-no teishō 琉球語を排除した「日本語派」なる系統群は果たして成立するのか？―「九州・琉球語派」と「中央日本語派」の提唱― [Is there really a phylogenetic group called the ‘Japanese group’ that excludes Ryukyuan languages? Proposal of the ‘Kyushu/Ryukyu group’ and the ‘Central Japanese branch’]. In Osada Toshiki (ed.), Nihongo-no kigen-wa dono yō-ni ronjirarete kita-ka: Nihon gengogakushi-no hikari-to kage 日本語の起源はどのように論じられてきたか―日本言語学史の光と影 [How has the origin of the Japanese language been discussed? Lights and shadows in the history of Japanese linguistics], 1-14. Tokyo: International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
Igarashi Yōsuke 五十嵐陽介. 2017. Kyōtsū-no kaishin-ni motozuku bunkigakuteki shuhō-o mochiita nihon-go shohōgen-no keitō bunrui: minami nihongo-ha (Ryūkyū-o fukumu)-to azuma nihongo-ha (Hachijō-o fukumu)-no teishō 共通の改新に基づく分岐学的手法を用いた日本語諸方言の系統分類：南日本語派（琉球を含む）と東日本語派（八丈を含む）の提唱 [Genetic classification of dialects of Japanese using a cladistic method based on shared innovations: Proposal of a South Japanese group (including Ry-ukyu) and an Eastern Japanese group (including Hachijō)]. Tokyo: National Institute for Japanese Lan-guage and Linguistics.
Igarashi Yōsuke 五十嵐陽介. 2021. Bunkigakuteki shuhō-ni motozuita nichiryū shogo-no keitō bunrui-no kokoromi 分岐学的手法に基づいた日琉諸語の系統分類の試み [An attempt at a genetic classifica-tion of Japonic languages based on the cladistic method]. In Kibe Nobuko 木部暢子 & Hayashi Yūka林由華 & Kinuhata Tomohide 衣畑智秀 (eds.), Fiirudo-to bunken-kara miru nichiryū shogo-no keitō-to rekishi フィールドと文献から見る日琉諸語の系統と歴史 [Genetic relationship and history of Ja-ponic languages seen through fieldwork and philology], 17-51. Tokyo 東京都: Kaitakusha 開拓社.
Igarashi Yōsuke 五十嵐陽介. 2023. Gendai Kyūshū hōgen-ni okeru kyū-kaminidan dōshi-no ‘shimoni-danka’-wa kyūshū-ryūkyū sogo kasetsu-o shiji suru-ka 現代九州諸方言における旧上二段動詞の「下二段化」は九州・琉球祖語仮説を支持するか? [Does the ‘lower-bigradization’ of upper bi-grade verbs in modern Kyushu dialects support the Proto-Kyushu-Ryukyuan hypothesis?]. Gengo Kenkyū 言語研究 163. 1-31.
Ishizaki Hiroshi 石崎博志. 2015. Ryūkyū-go-shi kenkyū 琉球語史研究 [Research on the history of Ryu-kyuan]. Tokyo 東京都: Kōbun Shuppan 好文出版.
Jarosz, Aleksandra. 2018a. Reflexes of Proto-Ryukyuan *i and *u in Miyakoan as a chain shift. Lingua Pos-na-niensis 60(2). 99-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2018-0014
Jarosz, Aleksandra. 2018b. Innovations, distribution gaps and mirror images: The reflexes of Proto-Ryukyuan close vowels in a post-nasal position. Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting 4(2018). 75-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/yplm-2018-0004
Jarosz, Aleksandra. 2019a. Non-core vocabulary cognates in Ryukyuan and Kyushu. In Hayato Aoi (ed.), Proceedings of International Symposium “Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia (Poster Session)”, 8-29. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Jarosz, Aleksanda. 2019b. Fine details of a larger picture: Proto-Sakishima *au and *ao diphthongs. Folia Linguistica Historica 40(2). 401-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0016
Jarosz, Aleksandra. 2021. Old Japanese post-nasal non-back close vowels in a comparative perspective. International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 3(1). 50-82. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/25898833-12340041
Jarosz, Aleksandra. 2023. The syncretism of passive and potential marking in Japonic seen through modern South Ryukyuan languages. In dal Corso, Elia & Soung-U Kim (eds.), Endangered languages of East Asia: Language obsolescence in China, Japan, Siberia, and Taiwan, 193-232. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004523944_008
Jarosz, Aleksandra. 2024. Morphological evidence in favor of the South Japonic clade. (Paper undergoing post-peer review revision.)
Jarosz, Aleksandra & Robbeets, Martine & Fernandes, Ricardo & Hiroto Takamiya & Akito Shinzato & Naoko Nakamura & Maria Shinoto & Hudson, Mark. 2022. Demography, trade and state power: A tripartite model of medieval farming/language dispersals in the Ryukyu Islands. Evolutionary Human Sciences 4: e4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2022.1
Kaempfer, Engelbert. 1906. The history of Japan: Together with a description of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690-92. Glasgow: J. MacLehose and Sons.
Karimata, Shigehisa. 2015. Ryukyuan languages: A grammar overview. In Heinrich, Patrick & Shinsho Miyara & Michinori Shimoji (eds.), Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure, and use (Hand-books of Japanese Language and Linguistics 11), 113-140. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511151.113
Karimata Shigehisa 狩俣繁久. 2020. Ryūkyūgo-no kigen-wa dono yō-ni katarareta-ka: Ryūkyūgo-to Kyūshū hōgen-no kankei-o tou琉球語の起源はどのように語られたか:琉球語と九州方言の関係を問う [Past ideas concerning the origins of Ryukyuan: An inquiry into the relationship between Ryukyuan and Kyushu dialects]. In Osada Toshiki 長田俊樹 (ed.), Nihongo “kigen”-ron-no reishi-to tembō: Nihongo-no kigen-wa dono yō-ni ronjirarete kita-ka日本 語「起源」論の歴史と展望: 日本語の起源はどのように論じられてきたか [History and perspectives of theories concerning the origins of the Japanese language: Discussions on the origins of the Japanese language, past to present], 227-249. Tokyo 東京都: Sanseidō 三省堂.
Kerr, George H. 2018. Okinawa: The history of an island people. 2nd edn. Tuttle Publishing.
Kindaichi Haruhiko 金田一春彦 & Shibata Takeshi 柴田武 (eds.). 1966. Zenkoku hōgen shiryō, dai-roku-kan: Kyūshūhen 全国方言資料 第6巻 九州編 [All-Japan dialect materials, Vol. 6: Kyushu]. Tokyo 東京都: Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai 日本放送協会.
Lawrence, Wayne P. 2012. Southern Ryukyuan. In Tranter, Nicholas (ed.), The languages of Japan and Korea. Oxon–New York: Routledge.
Lee, Sean & Toshikazu Hasegawa. 2011. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports an agricultural origin of Japonic languages. In Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278(1725). 3662-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0518
Lin, Chihkai. 2015. A reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A corpus-based approach. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. (Doctoral dissertation.) http://hdl.handle.net/10125/51110.
Liu, Jianguo & Tiegang Li & Rong Xiang & Muhong Chen & Wen Yan & Zhong Chen & Fang Liu. 2013. Influence of the Kuroshio Current intrusion on Holocene environmental transformation in the South Chi-na Sea. The Holocene 23(6). 850-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612474481
Martin, Samuel E. 1987. The Japanese language through time. New Haven–London: Yale University Press.
Migita, Seiji & Toshio Yotsui. 1972. Fundamental studies on the propagation of Nemacystus decipiens―I On the life cycle of Nemacystus decipiens. Nagasaki Daigaku Suisan Gakubu Kenkyū Hōkoku 長崎大学水産学部研究報告 (Nagasaki University Faculty of Fisheries Research Report) 34. 51-62.
Miyake, Marc Hideo. 2013. Old Japanese: A phonetic reconstruction. 2nd edn. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203510728
Miyanaga, Masanori 宮良當壯. 1924. Waga kodaigo-to Ryūkyūgo-to-no hikaku 我が古代語と琉球語との比較 [Comparison between Ancient Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages]. Shigaku 史学3(3). 51-89.
Murayama Shichirō 村山七郎. 1981. Ryūkyūgo-no himitsu 琉球語の秘密 [The secrets of Ryukyuan]. To-kyo 東京都: Chikuma Shobō 筑摩書房.
Nakamoto, Masachie 中本正智. 1981. Zusetsu Ryūkyūgo Jiten 図説琉球語辞典 [Cartographic dictionary of Ryu-kyuan]. Tokyo 東京都: Rikitomi Shobō 力富書房.
Nakamoto, Masachie 中本正智. 1983. Ryūkyū goishi-no kenkyū 琉球語彙史の研究 [A historical study of Ryukyuan vocabulary]. Tokyo 東京都: San’ichi Shobō 三一書房.
Nakasone Seizen 仲宗根政善. 1969. Tōzai namboku 東西南北 [Cardinal directions]. In Hokama Shuzen (ed.), 1972, Okinawa Bunka Ronsō 5 Gengohen 沖縄文化論叢5言語編 [Papers on Okinawan Culture, vol. 5: Language], 464-468. Tokyo 東京都: Heibonsha 平凡社.
Newman, Marshall T. & Eng, Ransom L. 1947. The Ryukyu people: A biological appraisal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5(2). 113-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330050202
NIAC = Nansei Shoto Industrial Advancement Center / Nansei Chiiki Sangyō Kasseika Sentā 南西地域産業活性化センター. 2018. Okinawa-ken-no jinkō dōtai-to shōrai suikei jinkō-ni kansuru chōsa kenkyū 沖縄県の人口動態と将来推計人口に関する調査研究 [Investigative research on population dynamics and projected future population in Okinawa Prefecture]. Naha 那覇市: Nansei Chiiki Sangyō Kasseika Sentā 南西地域産業活性化センター.
Niinaga Yūto 新永悠人 & Ishihara Masahide 石原昌英 & Nishioka Satoshi 西岡敏. 2014. Kita Ryūkyū shogo (amami-go/kunigami-go/okinawa-go)-no sonzokuryoku-to kikido 北琉球諸語 (奄美語・国頭語・沖縄語) の存続力と危機度 [Vitality and degree of endangerment of North Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawa)]. In Shimoji Michinori & Heinrich, Patrickパトリック・ハインリッヒ (eds.), Ryūkyū shogo-no hoji-o mezashite: Shōmetsu kikigengo-o meguru giron-to torikumi 琉球諸語の保持を目指して 消滅危機言語をめぐる議論と取り組み [Preserving Ryukyuan languages: Debate and initiatives concerning endangered languages], 96-142. Tokyo 東京都: Koko Shuppan ココ出版.
Nisizawa, Kazutosi & Hiroyuki Noda & Ryo Kikuchi & Tadaharu Watanabe. 1987. The main seaweed foods in Japan. Hydrobiologia 151(1). 5-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046102
Okano Nobuko 岡野信子. 1988. Yamaguchi-ken Shimo Hibikinada/Nihonkai-iki-no kanō hyōgenhō: Kyūshyū hōgen-to-no dōitsusei 山口県下 響灘・日本海域の可能表現法 : 九州方言との同質性 [Potential expressions in Hibikinada/Sea of Japan area of Shimo in Yamaguchi prefecture: The similarities with Kyushu dialects]. Nihon Bunka Kenkyū 日本文化研究 24. 153-165.
Okinawa Daigaku Chiiki Kenkyūjo 沖縄大学地域研究所. 2013. Ryūkyū shogo-no fukkō 琉球諸語の復興 [Restoration of Ryukyuan languages]. Naha 那覇市: Fuyō Shobō Shuppan 芙蓉書房出版.
Ōnishi Takuichirō 大西拓一郎 (ed.). 2016. Shin Nihon gengo chizu: Bumpuzu-de miwatasu hōgen-no sekai 分布図で見渡す方言の世界 分布図で見渡す方言の世界 [New linguistic atlas of Japan: The world of dialects through feature distribution maps]. Tokyo 東京都: Asakura Shoten 朝倉書店.
Pellard, Thomas. 2015. The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu Islands. In Heinrich, Patrick & Shinsho Miyara & Michinori Shimoji (eds.), Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure, and use (Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics 11), 13-38. Berlin–München–Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Pellard, Thomas. 2021. Nichiryū shogo-no keitō bunrui-to bunki-ni tsuite 日琉諸語の系統分類と分岐について [On genetic classification and split of the Japonic languages]. In Kibe Nobuko 木部暢子 & Hayashi Yūka林由華 & Kinuhata Tomohide 衣畑智秀 (eds.), Fiirudo-to bunken-kara miru nichiryū shogo-no keitō-to rekishi フィールドと文献から見る日琉諸語の系統と歴史 [Genetic relationship and history of Japonic languages seen through fieldwork and philology], 2-16. Tokyo 東京都: Kaitakusha 開拓社.
Robbeets, Martine & Bouckaert, Remco & Conte, Matthew & Savelyev, Alexander & Tao Li & Deog-Im An & Ken-ichi Shinoda, et al. 2021. Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages. Nature 599(7886). 616-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8
Sapir, Edward. 2004. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. Mineola: Dover Publications.
Schwartz, Henry B. 1908. In Togo’s country: Some studies in Satsuma and other little known parts of Japan. Cincinnati–New York: Jennings and Graham–Eaton and Mains.
Serafim, Leon A. 2003. When and from where did the Japonic language enter the Ryukyus? A critical compar-ison of language, archaeology, and history. In Toshiki Osada & Vovin, Alexander (eds.) with the assis-tance of Kerri Russell, Perspectives on the origins of the Japanese language, 463-476. Kyoto: Internation-al Research Center for Japanese Studies.
Shibata Takeshi 柴田武 (ed.). 1967. Zenkoku Hōgen Shiryō. Dai-kyū-kan: Hekichi/ritōhen san 全国方言資料 第9巻 へき地・離島編 Ⅲ [All-Japan dialect materials, vol. 9: Peripheries and remote islands, part III]. Tokyo 東京都: Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai 日本放送協会.
Shimoji, Michinori & Heinrich, Patrick パトリック・ハインリッヒ (eds.). 2014. Ryūkyū shogo-no hoji-o mezashite: Shōmetsu kikigengo-o meguru giron-to torikumi 琉球諸語の保持を目指して 消滅危機言語をめぐる議論と取り組み [Preserving Ryukyuan languages: Debate and initiatives concerning endan-gered languages]. Tokyo 東京都: Koko Shuppan ココ出版.
Silberfeld, Thomas & Rousseau, Florence & de Reviers, Bruno. 2014. An updated classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae). Cryptogamie, Algologie 35(2): 117-56. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117
Smits, Gregory. 2018. Maritime Ryukyu, 1050-1650. Illustrated edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvsrfmz
Tawata Shin’ichirō 多和田眞一郎. 1997. Gaikoku shiryō-o chūshin-to suru Okinawago-no onsei on’in-ni kansuru rekishiteki kenkyū 外国資料を中心とする沖縄語の音声・音韻に関する歴史的研究 [His-torical research on Okinawan phonetics and phonology focusing on foreign materials]. Tokyo 東京都: Musashino Shoin 武蔵野書院.
Tawata Shin’ichirō 多和田眞一郎. 2010. Okinawa-go on’in-no rekishiteki kenkyū 沖縄語音韻の歴史的研究 [Research on the history of Okinawan phonology]. Hiroshima 広島市: Keisuisha 渓水社.
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley–Los Angeles–Oxford: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520912793
Thorpe, Maner Lawton. 1983. Ryūkyūan language history. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. (Doctoral dissertation.)
Uemura Yukio 上村幸雄.1992. Ryūkyū rettō-no gengo, sōsetsu 琉球列島の言語 総説 [The language of the Ryukyu archipelago: A general introduction] . In Kamei Takashi 亀井孝 & Kōno Rokurō 河野六郎 & Chino Ei’ichi 千野栄一 (eds.). 1997. Gengogaku daihyakka serekushon: Nihon rettō-no gengo 言語学宇大百科セレクション 日本列島の言語 [Encyclopaedia of linguistics, selection: Languages of the Japanese archipelago], 311-353. Tokyo 東京都: Sanseidō 三省堂.
Vovin, Alexander. 2020. A descriptive and comparative grammar of Western Old Japanese. Revised, updated and enlarged 2nd edn. Vols. 1-2. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004422810_002
Lexicographic sources
Bouz-Konnyaku. 2021. Bōzu-Konnyaku-no shijō gyokairui zukan ぼうずコンニャクの市場魚貝類図鑑 [Bouz--Konnyaku’s illustrated guide to on-the-market fish and seafood]. (https://www.zukan-bouz.com/) (Accessed 2023-12-12.)
Hashiguchi Mitsuru 橋口滿. 2004. Kagoshima hōgen daijiten jō/ge 鹿児島方言辞典 上・下 [Great diction-ary of Kagoshima dialects. Vols. 1-2]. Kagoshima 鹿児島市: Taki Shobō 高城書房.
Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 (author-editor). 1986. Amami hōgen kisogoi-no kenkyū 奄美方言基礎語彙の研究 [A study of the basic vocabulary of Amami dialects]. Tokyo 東京都: Kadokawa Shoten 角川書店.
Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男. 1988. Minami Ryūkyū-no hōgen kisogoi 南琉球の方言基礎語彙 [Basic vo-cabulary of the dialects of the Southern Ryukyus]. Tokyo 東京都: Ōfūsha 桜風社.
Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 (ed.). 1992-93. Nihon hōgen daijiten 日本方言大辞典 [Great dictionary of Japanese dialects]. Vols. 1-6. Tokyo 東京都: Meiji Shoin 明治書院.
Hokama Shuzen 外間守善 (project representative), Okinawa Kogo Daijiten Henshū Iinkai 沖縄古語大辞典編集委員会 (ed.) 1995. Okinawa kogo daijiten 沖縄古語大辞典 [Great dictionary of Old Okinawan]. Tokyo 東京都: Kadokawa Shoten 角川書店.
Karimata, Shigehisa. 2003. The phonetics and vocabulary of the Sani dialect, Amami Oshima Island, Ryu-kyuan language group (Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series). Suita 吹田: Ōsaka Daigakuin Jōhōgakubu 大阪学院大学情報学部.
Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo 国立国語研究所 (ed.). 1963. Okinawago Jiten [A dictionary of Okinawan]. Tokyo: Ōkurashō Insatsukyoku.
Matsuda Yasuo 松田康夫. 1991. Chikugo hōgen jiten 筑後方言辞典 [Dictionary of the Chikugo dialect]. Kurume 久留米市: Kurume Kyōdo Kenkyūkai 久留米郷土研究会.
Miyagi Shin’yū. 宮城信勇. 2003. Ishigaki hōgen jiten, hombunpen 石垣方言 辞典 本文編 [Dictionary of the Ishigaki dialect, the dictionary proper]. Naha 那覇市: Okinawa Taimusu-sha 沖縄タイムス社.
Miyagi Shin’yū 宮城信勇 & Kajiku Shin’ichi 加治工真市 & Hateruma Eikichi 波照間永吉 & Nishioka Satoshi 西岡敏 (eds.). 2002. Ishigaki hōgen goi ichiran | The lexical list of Ishigaki dialect (Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series A4-017). Suita 吹田: Ōsaka Daigakuin Jōhōgakubu 大阪学院大学情報学部.
Nakasone Seizen 仲宗根政善. 1983. Okinawa Nakijin hōgen jiten 沖縄今帰仁方言辞典 [Dictionary of the
Nakijin dialect in Okinawa]. Tokyo 東京都: Kadokawa Shoten 角川書店.
Nevskij, Nikolaj A. 1992 [1921-28]. Mater’jaly dlja izučenija govora Ostrovov Mijako: Slovar’ [Materials for the study of the language of the Miyako islands: A dictionary]. Photocopy of the manuscript stored in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg. Tokyo: Waseda Univer-sity Library.
Osada Suma 長田須磨 & Suyama Tahoko 須山名保子 & Fujii Misako 藤井美佐子 (eds.). 1977. Amami hōgen bunrui jiten jō/ge 奄美方言分類辞典 [Classifying dictionary of an Amami dialect. Vols. 1-2]. Tokyo 東京都: Kazama Shoin 風間書院.
Oshio Mutsuko 生塩睦子. 2009. Shimpan Iejima hōgen jiten 新版伊江島方言辞典 [Dictionary of the Ie dialect, new edition]. Ie 伊江村: Ieson Kyōiku Iinkai 伊江村教育委員会.
Sawakata Hisataka 澤潟久孝 (ed.). 1967. Jidaibetsu kokugo daijiten: Jōdaihen時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [Great historical dictionary of Japanese: Old Japanese]. Tokyo 東京都: Sanseidō 三省堂.
Shimoji Kayoko 下地賀代子. 2017. Taramafutsɨ jiten: Tarama hōgen kiso goiたらまふつ辞典 多良間方言基礎語彙 [Dictionary of Tarama-Miyako: Basic vocabulary of the Tarama dialect]. Tarama 多良間村: Tarama-son Kyōiku Iinkai 多良間村教育委員会.
Shōgaku Tosho 尚学図書 (ed.). 1989. Nihon hōgen daijiten zen sankanzoroi 日本方言大辞典全三巻揃 [The great dictionary of Japanese dialects, complete three volumes]. Tokyo 東京都: Shōgakkan 小学館.
Tajiri Eizō 田尻英三. 1975. Tokara rettō (Nakanoshima/Hirajima)-no akusento-to goi トカラ列島(中之島・平島)のアクセントと語彙 [Accent and vocabulary of the Tokara Archipelago (Nakanoshima and Hirajima)]. Gobun Kenkyū 語文研究39/40. 46-56.
Tōjō Misao 東条操. 1941. Butsurui Shōko 物類称呼 [Names for all things: Gozan Koshigaya’s dictionary of 18th--century Japanese dialects]. Tokyo 東京都: Iwanami Shoten 岩波書店.
Tomihama Sadayoshi 富浜定吉. 2013. Miyako Irabu hōgen jiten 宮古伊良部方言辞典 [Dictionary of Irabu-Miyako]. Naha 那覇市: Okinawa Taimusu-sha沖縄タイムス社.
Uemura Yūtarō 植村雄太朗. 2004. Tanegashima hōgen jiten 種子島方言辞典 [Dictionary of the Tanegashima dialect]. Tokyo 東京都: Musashino Shoin 武蔵野書院.
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Aleksandra Jarosz, Georg Orlandi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.