Abstract
The point of departure for the present paper is the status of the bare participial form as inherited from MIA (Middle Indo-Aryan) by early NIA (New Indo-Aryan) with its stative force. It is a very well known phenomenon in the contemporary IA languages that the past participle can be extended by a past participle form based of the verb to be (e.g. MSH - Modern Standard Hindi - huā). It is also noticeable that not all NIA languages allow such extension and that several languages developed further, and reinterpreted the extended forms. The aim of the present paper will be to demonstrate how the stative participles developed in two branches of IA, namely Eastern and Western Pahari.1 The data for this preliminary research has been excerpted from Western Pahari inscriptions (Chhabra 1957), Eastern Pahari inscriptions (Pokharel 1974; Cauhān 2008; Joshi 2009), reference grammars and folk textsReferences
Bailey Graham T. 1908. The Languages of the Northern Himalayas, Being Studies in the Grammar of Twenty-six Himalayan Dialects. London: The Royal Asiatic Society.
Bhaskararao Peri, Subbarao K arumuri Venkata (eds.). 2004. Non-nominal Subjects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bhatt Purnanand Mahanand. 1889. A Handbook of Gujarati Grammar. Bombay.
BiṣṬ Śersinh, Jośī Surendr. 2005. Janpadīy bhāṣā-sāhitya. H aldvānī: A nkit P rakāśan.
Cardona George, Jain Dhanesh (eds.). 2007. The Indo-Aryan Languages. L ondon-New York: Routledge.
Cardona George, Suthar Babu. 2007. “Gujarati.” In: Cardona & J ain 2007: 659-697.
Daščenko G.M. 1987. Rezul’tativnye pričastja v jazyke urdu. Moscow: Moscow University publication.
Dave Trimbaklal. 1935. A Study of the Gujarāti Language in the 16th Century (V.S.). L ondon: School of O riental Studies.
Deo Ashwini. 2006. Tense and Aspect in Indo-Aryan Languages: Variation and Diachrony. P hD thesis. Stanford University.
Doctor Raimond. 2004. A Grammar of Gujarati. München: Lincom Europa.
Grierson George A . [1903-1928]. Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Superintendent G overnment P rinting, India. Repr. 2005, Delhi: Low Price Publications.
Gusain Lakhan. 2000. Bagri. München: Lincom Europa.
Gusain Lakhan. 2001. Shekhavati. München: Lincom Europa.
Gusain Lakhan. 2003. Mewati. München: Lincom Europa.
Gusain Lakhan. 2004. Marwari. München: Lincom Europa.
Hendriksen Hans. 1986. Himachali Studies. III Grammar. Det K ongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab H istorisk- filosofiske Meddelelser 48,3. K øbenhavn: Munksgaard.
Hock Hans H enrich. 1986. “P-oriented Construction in Sanskrit.” In: Krishnamurti et al. 1986: 15-26.
Jain Dinesh, Cardona G eorge. 2007. The Indo-Aryan Langugaes. L ondon: Routledge.
Joshi Maheshwar P., Negi Vidyadhar S. 1994. “Was there a Central P ahari? A n A ppraisal of G rierson’s Classification of T hree P ahari L anguages G roups.” In: Joshi et al. 1994: 259-273.
Joshi Maheshwar P., Fanger Allen C., Brown Charles W . (eds.). 1994. Himalaya: Past and Present. Vol. III. Almora: Shree Almora Book Depot.
Katenina T.E. 1963. Očerk grammatiki jazyka maratxi. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo literatury na inostrannych jazykach.
Kellogg Samuel H. 1893. A Grammar of the Hindi Language. L ondon: K egan P aul, T rench, T rübner & Co. Repr. 1972, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
Khokhlova Ludmila V. 1999. “Stative P articiples in W estern N IA L anguages.” In: Vidyopaasanaa: Studies in honour of Harivallabh C. Bhayani, 91-112. Mumbai: Image P ublications.
Khokhlova Ludmila V., Singh Charanjit. 2007. “Resultative Constructions in W estern N IA L anguages.” In: Masica 2007: 91-108.
Khubchandani Lachman M. 2007. “Sindhi.” In: Cardona & J ain 2007: 622-658.
Krishnamurti Bhadriraju, Masica Collin P., Sinha Anjani K. (eds.). 1986. South Asian Languages. Structure, Covergence, Diglossia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Korolev I.I. 1965. Jazyk nepali. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’.
Lienhard Siegfried. 1961. Tempusgebrauch und Aktionsartenbildungen in der modernen Hindi. Stockholm-Göteborg- Uppsala: A lmqvist & W iksell.
Liperovskij Vladimir P . 1976. “Vyraženie značenija rezul’tativnogo sostojanija w xindi.” In: Indijskaja i iranskaja filologia, 100-114. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’.
Masica Colin P. 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge U niversity P ress.
Masica Colin P. (ed.). 2007. Old and New Perspectives on South Asian Languages Grammar and Semantics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Mistry P .J. 1976. “Subject in G ujarati. A n E xamination of Verb-agreement P henomenon.” In: Varma 1976: 240-269.
Montaut Annie. 2004a. A Grammar of Hindi. München: Lincom Europa.
Montaut Annie. 2004b. “Oblique Main A rguments in H indi/Urdu as L ocalizing P redications.” In: Bhaskararao & Subbarao 2004: 33-56.
Nedjalkov Vladimir P. (ed.). 1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions. Amsterdam-Philadelphia: John Benjamins P ublishing Company.
Nedjalkov Vladimir P., Jaxontov Siergiej E . 1988. “The T ypology of Resultative Constructions.” In: Nedjalkov 1988: 3-62.
Newton E.P. 1898. Punjabi Grammar with Excercises and Vocabulary. Ludhiana: Ludhiana Mission Press. van Olphen H erman H . 1978. “Ergative and Causative in H indi.” Orbis 24, 184-204.
Pandharipande Rajeshwari. 2007. “Marathi.” In: Jain & Cardona 2007: 698-728.
Peterson John 1998. Grammatical Relations in Pali and the Emergence of Ergativity in Indo-Aryan. München: Lincom Europa.
Peterson John. 2002. “The N epali Converbs: A H olistic A pproach.” In: Singh 2002: 93-133.
Phillott Douglas Craven. 1926. “Note on the Statical and Some O ther P articiples in H industani.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 4(1): 77-87.
Poudel Tikaram. 2008. Ergativity in Nepali: A Historical Perspective. Paper presented at the Workshop on Case and Alignment in Indo-European University of Bergen, 10-11 December 2008.
Ramsay H .N. 1842. The Principles of Gujarati Grammar. Bombay: Imperial Press.
Saksena Baburam. 1937. Evolution of Awadhi. Allahabad: Indian Press. Repr. 1971, Delhi-Patna-Varanasi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Śarmā Kanheyālāl. 1991. Pūrvī rājasthānī: udbhav aur vikās. Jaypur: The Students Book Company.
Saveleva L.V. 1965. Jazyk Gudžarati. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’.
Sharma D.D. 1987. The Formation of Kumauni Language. Part II: Morphology and Syntax. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Sharma D.D. 1994. Linguistic Geography of Kumaun Hills. New Delhi: Mittal Publication.
Stroński Krzysztof. in press. “On the Syntax and Semantics of the P ast P erfect P articiple and G erundive in E arly NIA - E vidence from E astern P ahari.” Folia Linguistica Historica.
Singh Rajendra (ed.). 2002. Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. New Delhi-Thousand Oaks- London: Sage P ublications.
Tessitori Luigi P io. 1914-1916. “Notes on the G rammar of the O ld W estern Rajasthani with Special Reference to A pabhramsa and G ujarati and Marwari.” Indian Antiquary 43-45.
Ṭhākur Maulūrām. 1975. Pahāṛī bhāṣā kuluī ke viśeṣ sa)darbh me). Dillī: Sanmārg P rakāśan.
Tisdall W. St. Clair. 1892. A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language. L ondon: K egan P aul, T rench, Trübner & Co. Ltd.
Varma Manindra K. (ed.). 1976. The Notion of Subject in South Asian Langugaes. Madison: U niversity of W isconsin. South Asian Studies. Publication Series - Publication #2.
Wallace William D. 1981. “Object-Marking in the H istory of N epali: A Case of Syntactic Diffusion.” Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 11(2): 107-128.
Wallace William D. 1982. “The E volution of E rgative Syntax in N epali.” Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 12(2): 147-211. Yegorova Raisa P. 1971. The Sindhi Language. Moscow: ‘Nauka’ Publishing House.
Zoller Claus P . 2008. “Genitive Marking of Subjects in W est P ahāṛī.” Acta Orientalia 69: 121-151.
Bhānāvat Narendra, Kamal Lakshmi (eds.). 1997-1998. Rājasthānī gadya: vikās aur prakāś. Āgrā: Ś rīrām Mehrā end K ampanī. (R.G.) Cauhān Candra Siṁh. 2008. Kumāunī bhāṣā ke abhilekh. Haldvāni: A ṁkit P rakāśan.
Chhabra B.Ch. 1957. Antiquities of Chamba State. Part II. Memoires of the Archeological Survey of India, No 72. New Delhi: ASI.
Joshi Maheshwar P . 2009. “Advent of P olities in U ttarkhand (Kumaon and G arhwal).” In: Bards and Mediums: History, Culture, and Politics in the Central Himalayan Kingdoms, ed. by Marie Lecomte-Tilouin. Almora: Shri A lmora Book Depot, 327-371. (Collection of K umauni inscriptions).
Pant Mahes Raj. 2009. “Towards a H istory of the K hasa E mpire.” In: Bards and Mediums: History, Culture, and Politics in the Central Himalayan Kingdoms, ed. by Marie Lecomte-Tilouin. Almora: Shri Almora Book Depot, 293-326. (Collection of early N epali inscriptions).
Pokharel Bālkr̥ṣṇa. 1964. Pāñca śaya varṣa. L alitpur: J agadambāprakāśan. (Collection of early N epali inscriptions).
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/gujarati/pluperfect.htm.
http://vedashri.blogspot.com/2006/01/blog-post_113803675993125528.html.
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Krzysztof Stroński
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.