On the original formulation and on the resonance over time of Grassmann’s Law: remarks on a still open issue
PDF

Keywords

Grassmann’s law
Greek
Sanskrit
Proto-Indo-European
phonetics
dissimilation of aspirates

How to Cite

Pozza, M. (2019). On the original formulation and on the resonance over time of Grassmann’s Law: remarks on a still open issue. Lingua Posnaniensis, 61(1), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2019-0007

Abstract

The present article aims to reconsider in detail the original formulation of Grassmann’s law (GL), proposed by Grassmann (1863), since the main handbooks of Indo-European linguistics often repeat an extremely concise and sometimes incomplete formulation of the phenomenon without going into the details of Grassmann’s original reasoning, from which the definition of the phonetic “law” took its shape. In fact, we intend to highlight, on the one hand, the route whereby the scholar arrived at the decisive formulation of the principle which took its name from him, on the other the research ideas already present in the article of 1863 and only partially taken into account by subsequent studies. In addition to offering an overview, as complete as possible, of the resonance and influence of GL among linguists (both within a general and a historical linguistic perspective), over the years, the intent is to show the fruitfulness of ideas that still today could be used for new studies on the topic and to offer a possible, new interpretation of this phonetic change.

https://doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2019-0007
PDF

References

ADB = Allgemeine deutsche Biographie herausgegeben durch die Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1875-1912). Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.

Allen, William S. 1976. The PIE aspirates: phonetic and typological factors in reconstruction. In Juilland, Alphonse (ed.), Linguistic studies offered to Joseph Greenberg on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday, 237-247. Saratoga: Anma Libri,

Anderson, Samuel R. 1969. West Scandinavian vowel systems and the ordering of phonological rules. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MIT.)

Anderson, Samuel R. 1970. On Grassmann’s law in Sanskrit. Linguistic Inquiry 1/4. 387-396.

Angermann, Constantin T. 1873. Die Erscheinungen der Dissimilation im Grieschischen. Ein Beitrag zur grieschischen Lautlehre. Leipzig: Hirzel.

Barnett, Philip. 2018. A markedly different approach. Investigating PIE stops using modern empirical methods. Master’s Thesis. University of Kentucky. Theses and Dissertations-Linguistics. 28 (https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/28). (Accessed 2019-12-02.)

Beguš, Gašper. 2016. The phonetics of aspirate dissimilation: Grassmann’s law in Georgian. Poster presented at the South Caucasian Chalk Circle – SCCC – Paris. (https://www.academia.edu/28677814/The_Phonetics_of_Aspirate_Dissimilation_Grassmanns_Law_in_Georgian). (Accessed 2019-12-02.)

Bartoněk, Antonin. 1987. On the prehistory of ancient Greek. Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 26. 7-20.

Belardi, Walter. 1981. Fonologia indoeuropea. Roma: Kappa.

Belardi, Walter. 2002. L’etimologia nella storia della cultura occidentale. Roma: Il Calamo.

Benary, Albert A. 1837. Die römische Lautlehre sprachvergleichend dargestellt, vol. 1. Berlin: Josas Verlagsbuch.

Bomhard, Allan R. 1986. The aspirated stops of Indo-European. Diachronica 3/1. 67-79.

Borowsky, Toni & Mester, Ralf-Armin 1983. Aspiration to roots. Remarks on the Sanskrit diaspirates. In Papers from the nineteenth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 52-63. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

Blümel, Wolfgang. 1982. Die aiolischen Dialekte. Phonologie und Morphologie der inschriftlichen Texte aus generativer Sicht. Göttingen: Vandenhœck & Ruprecht.

Blust, Robert. 2012. One mark per word? Some patterns of dissimilation in Austronesian and Australian languages. Phonology 29/3. 355-381.

Bubeník, Vit. 1976. Review of A.H. Sommerstein, The sound pattern of ancient Greek, Oxford, Blackwell, 1973. Lingua 38. 170-173.

Butler, Johnatan L. 1974. A murmured proposal regarding Grassmann’s law. Indogermanische Forschungen 79. 18-30.

Calabrese, Andrea & Keyser, Samuel J. 2006. On the peripatetic behavior of aspiration in Sanskrit roots. In Baković, Eric & Ito Junko & McCarthy, John J. (eds.), Wondering at the natural fecundity of things: essays in honor of Alan Prince, 71-94. Santa Cruz, California: Booksurge Publishing.

Chelliah, Shobhana L. 1997. A Grammar of Meithei. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Chadwick, John. 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chomsky, Noam & Halle, Morris. 1968. The Sound pattern of English. New York, London: Harper & Row.

Christol, Alain. 1972. Phonologie des aspirées grecques et parfait à aspirée. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 67. 69-83.

Clackson, James. 20113. Indo-European linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Collinge, Neville E. 1985. The laws of Indo-European. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.

Curtius, Georg. 1858-1862. Grundzüge der griechischen Etymologie. Leipzig: Teubner.

Darden, Bill J. 1978. Local ordering versus multiple application of phonological rules. In Farkas, Donka & Jacobsen, Wesley & Todrys, Karol W. (eds.), Papers from the fourteenth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society April 13th-14th 1978 (CLS 14), 65-75. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.

De Angelis, Alessandro. 2018 [2019]. La legge di Grassmann in greco come regola morfologica. Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese 13. 43-56.

De Angelis, Alessandro. forthcoming. The phonetic prehistory of Grassmann’s law in Greek, Folia Linguistica Historica.

De Decker, Filip. 2015. Another attempt at a chronology for Grassmann’s law in Greek. Journal of Indo-European Studies 43/1. 140-177.

De Reuse, Willem J. 1981. Grassmann’s law in Ofo. International Journal of American Linguistics 47/1. 243-244.

Delbrück, Berthold. 1877. Nekrolog auf Hermann Graßmann. Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung 291. 4371.

Doria, Mario. 1979. Riflessioni sulla cronologia relative di alcuni mutamenti fonetici del greco premiceneo. In Carruba, O. & Pavia, Aurora (eds.), Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, 121-147.

Doria, Mario. 1995. Mutamenti fonetici e tratti morfologici del greco antico in prospettiva diacronica. Incontri Linguistici 18. 137-140.

Dressler, Wolfgang. 1975. Zur Rekonstruktion phonologischer Prozesse im Altgriechischen: Grassmanns Gesetz. In Mares, Franz W. & Miazek, Bonifacy & Sturm-Schnabl, Katja (eds.), Bereiche der Slavistik: Festschrift zu Ehren von Josip Hamm, 53-67. Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Dressler, Wolfgang. 1976. Können Morphemfugen die Domäne phonologischer Prozesse begrenzen?. In Pohl, Heinz D. & Salnokow, Nikolai (eds.), Opuscula Slavica et Linguistica. Festschrift für A. Issatschenko, 123-137. Klagenfurt: Heyn.

Dubois, Laurent. 1988. Recherches sur le dialecte arcadien. Louvain-La-Neuve: Peeters.

Ejerhed, Eva I. 1981. The analysis of aspiration in Sanskrit phonology. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 4/2. 139-159.

Fortson, Benjamin W. 20092. Indo-European language and cuture: An Introduction. Chichester (UK), Malden (Mass.): Wiley-Blackwell.

Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V. 1981. Language typology and language universals and their implications for the reconstruction of the Indo-European stop system. In Arbeitman, Yoel & Bomhard, Allan R. (eds.), Bono Homini Donum. Essays in historical linguistics in memory of J. Alexander Kerns, 571-609. Amsterdam: Benjamins,

Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V. & Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. 1973. Sprachtypologie und die Rekonstruktion der gemeinindogermanischen Verschlüsse. Phonetica 27/3. 150-156.

Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V. & Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. 1986. On the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European stops: glottalized stops in Indo-European. In Shevoroshkin, Vitalij V. & Markey, Thomas L. (eds.), Typology, relationship and time: A collection of papers on language change and relationship by Soviet linguists, 87-109. Ann Arbor: Karoma.

García Ramón, José Luis. 1990. Mykenisch e-qi-ti-wo-e /(h)ekwhthiwohe(s)/ “umgekommen, tot”, homerisch ἔφθιται, ἔφθιεν, ἔφθιτο und das Perfekt von idg. *dhwhei- im Griechischen. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenscahft 51. 7-20.

Garrett, Andrew. 2006. Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups: phylogeny and chronology. In Forster, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (eds.), Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, 139-151. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

Garrett, Andrew. 2015. Sound change. In Bowern, Claire & Evansin, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics, 227-248. London, Routledge.

Gopal, Deepthi. 2017. Aspiration ‘dissimilation’ in Tangkhul Naga prefixation. In Proceedings of the 2016 annual meeting of phonology. Linguistic Society of America 1-8. https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/article/view/3999/3755. (Accessed 2019-12-02.)

Grassmann, Hermann. 1844. Die Ausdehnungslehre. Ein neuer Zweck der Mathematik. Leipzig: Wigand.

Grassmann, Hermann. 1863. Über die Aspiraten und ihr gleichzeitiges Vorhandensein im An- und Auslaute der Wurzeln. Kuhn’s Zeitschrift 12. 81-138.

Grassmann, Hermann. 1873. Wörterbuch zum Rig-Veda. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

Grassmann, Hermann. 1876-1877. Rig-Veda. Übersetzt und mit kritischen und erläuternden Anmerkungen versehen. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

Gupta, B.P. 1982. A rule of deaspiration in colloquial Hindi. Indo-Iranian Journal 24/3. 191-200.

Haider, Hubert. 1983. Der Fehlschluss der Typologie. In Meid, Wolfgang (ed.), Philologie und Sprachwissenschaft. Akten der 10. Osterreichischen Linguisten-Tagung Innsbruck, 23.-26. Oktober 1982, 79-92. Inns-bruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.

Halle, Morris. 1973. Review of P. Ladefoged, Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1971. Language 49/4. 926-933.

Hastings, A. 1978. Should Grassmann’s law be repealed? (Paper Presented at the 53th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Boston).

Hejná, Michaela. 2016. Dissimilation can be gradient: evidence from Aberystwyth English. Papers in Historical Phonology 1. 359-386.

Heubeck, Alfred. 1970. Review of C. Ruijgh, Études sur la grammaire et le vocabulaire du grec mycénien, Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1967. Indogermanische Forschungen 75. 312-315.

Heubeck, Alfred. 1980. Zum Volksnamen der Thessaler. In Colakova, Kristalina (ed.), Studia Linguistica in Honorem of V.I. Georgiev, 301-309. Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Balgarskata Akademija na Naukite.

Hoard, James E. 1975. Incorporating Grassmann’s law into Sankrit phonology. Proceedings of the Berkley Linguistic Society 1. 207-220.

Hoenigswald, Henry M. 1965. A property of Grassmann’s law in Indic. Journal of the American Oriental Society 85. 59-60.

Hopper, Paul J. 1973. Glottalized and murmured occlusives in Indo-European. Glossa 7/2. 141-66.

Huld, Martin. 1995. Grassmann’s Law in Messapic. Journal of Indo-European Studies 23. 147-157.

Iverson, Gregory K. 1985. Grassmann’s law in Indo-European. Folia Linguistica Historica 6/2. 203-213.

Janda, Richard D. & Joseph, Brian D. 2002. Sanskrit as she has been misanalyzed prosodically. In Singh, Rajendra (ed.), Yearbook of South Asian languages and linguistics 5, 59-90. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Janko, Richard. 1977. A note on the date of Grassmann’s law in Greek. Glotta 55. 1-2.

Jatteau, Adèle. 2016. Le statut phonologique de l’aspiration en grec ancient. Thèse doctorale, Université Paris 8.

Jatteau, Adèle & Hejná, Miša. 2018. Gradient dissimilation in Mongolian: implications for diachrony. Papers in Historical Phonology 3. 28-75.

Kaye, Jonathan & Lowenstamm, Jean. 1985. A non-linear treatment of Grassmann’s law. In Berman, Stephen & Cohe, Jae-Woong & McDonough, Joyce (eds.), Proceedings of North East Linguistic Society 15, 220-233. Amherst, University of Massachusetts: GLSA.

Kerschensteiner, Juła. 1969. Review of C. Ruijgh, Études sur la grammaire et le vocabulaire du grec mycénien, Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1967. Gymnasium 76. 85-88.

Kiparsky, Paul. 1965. Phonological change, unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, MIT (in Bach, Emmon & Harms, Robert T. (eds.), Universals in Linguistic Theory, 171-202. New York: Rinehart & Winston, 1968).

Kiparsky, Paul. 1973. On comparative linguistics: the case of Grassmann’s law. In Sebeok, Thomas (ed.), Current trends in linguistics, 115-134. The Hague: Mouton.

Kiparsky, Paul. 2001. The phonological basis of sound change. In Goldsmith, John A. (ed.), The handbook of phonological theory, 640-670. Oxford: Blackwell (reprint of the edition of 1995).

Kobayashi, Masato. 2004. Historical phonology of Old Indo-Aryan consonants. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.

Kümmel, Martin Joachim. 2012. Typology and reconstruction: The consonants and vowels of Proto-Indo-European. In Whitehead, B.N. et al. (eds.), The sound of Indo-European. Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, 291-329. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Langendoen, D. Terence. 1966. A restriction on Grassmann’s law in Greek. Language 42/1. 7-9.

Lanszweert, Rene. 1994. Grassmann im Griechischen. Zur umstrittenen Chronologie eines unbestrittenen Lautgesetz. In Dunkel, Georg E. et al. (eds.), Früh-, Mittel-, Spätindogermanisch. Akten der IX. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 5. bis 9. Oktober 1992 in Zürich, 185-200. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1967. A reader in the nineteenth-century historical Indo-European Linguistics. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press.

Lejeune, Michel. 1968. Une presentation du Mycénien. Revue des Études anciennes 69. 280-288.

Lejeune, Michel. 1972. Phonétique historique du Mycénien et du grec ancient. Paris: Klincksieck.

Lightner, Theodore M. 1973. On the formulation of Grassmann’s law in Greek. In Anderson, Samuel & Kiparsky, Paul (eds.), A Festschrift for Morris Halle, 128-130. New York: Rinehart and Winston.

Longobardi, Giuseppe. 1998. A New glance at Grassmann’s law, preliminary draft, Università di Trieste.

Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1986. Indogermanische Grammatik, I/2: Lautlehre. Segmentale Phonologie des Indogermanischen. Heidelberg: Winter.

Meier-Brügger, Michael. 1992. Griechische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.

Meier-Brügger, Michael. 20109. Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.

Méndez Dosuna, Julian. 1985. Los dialectos dorios del noroeste. Gramática y studio dialectal. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.

Mey, Jakob L. 1972. Was Bartholomae really a Grassmann? Nordic Journal of Linguistics 26. 81-89.

Miller, D. Gary. 1974. Some problems in formulating aspiration and deaspiration rules in ancient Greek. Glossa 8. 211-232.

Miller, D. Gary. 1977. Was Grassmann’s law reordered in Greek? Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 91. 131-158.

Mohanty, Panchanan. 1987. Deaspiration in Oriya. General Linguistics 27/3. 145-152.

Moralejo Alvarez, Juan J. 1973. Gramática de las incripciones délficas (fonética y morfología, siglos VI-III a.C.). Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.

Morpurgo Davies, Anna. 1985. Mycenaean and Greek language. In Morpurgo Davies, Anna & Duhoux, Yves (eds.), Linear B: A 1984 Survey. Proceedings of the Mycenaean colloquium of the VIIIth congress of the international federation of the societies of classical studies (Dublin, 27 August-1st September 1984), 75-125. Louvain-la-Neuve: Cabay.

Neumann, Günther. 1979. Telphousa. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 93. 85-89.

Ohala, John J. 1989. Sound change is drawn from a pool of synchronic variation. In Breivik, Leiv E. & Jahr, Ernst H. (eds.), Language change: Contributions to the study of its causes, 173-198. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Ohala, John J. 1992. What’s cognitive, what’s not in sound change. Lingua e Stile 28. 321-362.

Ohala, John J. 1993. Sound change as nature’s speech perception experiment. Speech Communication 13. 155-161.

Ohala, John J. 2000. The phonetics of sound change. In Kreidler, Charles W. (ed.), Phonology. Critical concepts. IV. From rules to constraints, 44-81. London, New York: Routledge.

Ohala, John J. 2003. Phonetics and historical phonology. In Joseph, Brian D. & Janda, Richard D. (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics, 669-677. Malden (MA) & Oxford: Blackwell.

Ohala, John J. 2010. The relation between phonetics and phonology. In Hardcastle, William J. & Laver, John & Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.), The handbook of phonetic sciences, 653-677. Oxford: Blackwell.

Pârvulescu, Adrian. 1993. IE * dhughətḗr “daughter” and Grassmann’s law. A phonetic and semantic analysis. Indogermanische Forschungen 98. 55-91.

Phelps, Elaine. 1975. Sanskrit diaspirates. Linguistic Inquiry 6/3. 447-464.

Phelps, Elaine. 1976. Boundaries and Grassmann’s law in Sanskrit. Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 2. 330-338.

Phelps, Elaine & Brame, Michael K. 1973. On local ordering of rules in Sanskrit. Linguistic Inquiry 4/3. 387-400.

Plath, Robert. 1987. Hauchdissimilation im Mykenischen? Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 48. 187-193.

Plath, Robert. 2001-2002. Nochmals zur Datierung des grassmannschen Gesetzes im Grieschischen. Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicas Universitatis Brunensis 6-7. 241-250.

Pott, August F. 1833-1836. Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Indo-Germanischen Sprachen, unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Hauptformen: Sanskrit, Zend-Persisch; Griechisch-Lateinisch; Littauisch-Slawisch; Germanisch und Keltisch. Lemgo: Meyersche Hof-Buchhandlung.

Pozza, Marianna. 1998. La legge di Grassmann riconsiderata alla luce delle nuove acquisizioni dell’indoeuropeistica, tesi di laurea non pubblicata (Università La Sapienza).

Pozza, Marianna. 2007. Il greco βαθύς tra etimologia di parola ed etimologia di sistema. Studi e Saggi Linguistici 45. 71-98.

Pozza, Marianna. 2010. Un caso di colonnarità nella morfologia derivazionale: il gr. βαθύς. In Putzu, Ignazio et al. (eds.), La morfologia del greco tra tipologia e diacronia. VII Incontro internazionale di Linguistica greca. Cagliari. 13-15 settembre 2007, 367-384. Pavia: Franco Angeli.

Raumer, Rudolf von. 1837. Die Aspiration und die Lautverschiebung. Eine sprachgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

Raumer, Rudolf von. 1863. Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften. Frankfurt a.M., Erlangen: Heyder & Zimmer.

Ringe, Donald A. 1984. εἴλεφα and the aspirated perfect. Glotta 62. 125-141.

Ringe, Donald A. 1996. On the chronology of sound changes in Tocharian. New Haven: American Oriental Society.

Risch, Ernst. 1983. Probleme bei der Schreibung von Hiat und Kompositionsfuge im Mykenischen. In Heu-beck, Alfred & Neumann, Günther (eds.), Akten des VII. Internationalen Mykenologischen Colloquiums in Nürnberg vom 6.-10. April 1981, 374-390. Göttingen, Vandernhoeck & Ruprecht.

Rix, Helmut. 1976. Historische Grammatik der Griechischen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

Ruijgh, Cornelius J. 1967. Études sur la grammaire et le vocabulaire du grec mycénien. Amsterdam: Hakkert.

Sag, Ivan A. 1974. The Grassmann’s law ordering pseudoparadox. Linguistic Inquiry 5/4. 591-607.

Sag, Ivan A. 1976. Pseudosolutions to the pseudoparadox: Sankrit diaspirates revisited. Linguistic Inquiry 7/4. 609-622.

Salmons, Joseph. 1991. Motivating Grassmann’s law. Historische Sprachforschung 104/1. 46-51.

Sanchez Garrido, Maria del Carmen. 1988. Norma y uso y método generative: el caso de la ley de Grassmann. Revista Española de Lingüística 18. 149-167.

Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1999. Katupa’s law in Makhuwa. In Hombert, Jean-Marie & Hyman, Larry M (eds.), Bantu historical linguistics. theoretical and empirical perspectives, 379-394. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.

Scharfe, Hartmut. 1996. Bartholomae’s Law revisited or how the Ṛgveda is dialectally divided. In Schmidt, Hans-Peter & Wezler, Albrecht (eds.), Veda-Vyākaraṇa-Vyākhyāna. Festschrift Paul Thieme zum 90. Geburtstag am 18. März 1995 dargebracht von Schülern, Freunden und Kollegen, 351-377. Reinbek: Inge Wezler Verlag für Orientalistische Fachpublikationen.

Scherer, Anton. 1959. Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte. Heidelberg: Winter.

Schindler, Jochem. 1976. Diachronic and synchronic remarks on Bartholomae’s and Grassmann’s law. Linguistic Inquiry 7/4. 622-637.

Schlegel, Victor. 1877. Hermann Grassmann. Sein Leben und seine Werke. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

Schleicher, August. 1861. Compendium der vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Kurzer Abriss einer Laut- und Formenlehre der indogermanischen Ursprache. Weimar: Bohlau.

Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1987. Elf Briefe Hermann Grassmann an Adalbert Kuhn. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 100/1. 12-34.

Schwyzer, Eduard. 1939. Griechische Grammatik. München: Beck.

Shosted, Ryan K. 2007. A psychoacoustic basis for dissimilation: Evidence from Tangkhul Naga. In Trouvain, Jürgen & Barry, William J. (eds.), Proceedings of the XVIth International congress of phonetic sciences, 1937–1940. Saarbrücken: Universität des Saarlandes.

Sihler, Andrew L. 1995. New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Slings, R.S. 1986. ΕΙΛΗΦΑ. Glotta 64. 9-14.

Stanley, Patricia C. 1985. Grassmann’s law, Verner’s law, and Proto-Indo-European root structure. Indogermanische Forschungen 90. 39-54.

Stemberger, Joseph P. 1980. Another look at Grassmann’s law. Glossa 14/1. 113-135.

Svantesson, Jan-Olof & Karlsson, Anastasia. 2012. Preaspiration in modern and old Mongolian. In Per Urales ad Orientem. Iter polyphonicum multilingue. Festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans sextioårsdag den 12 februari 2012. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia = Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 264. 453-464.

Svantesson, Jan-Olof et al. 2005. The phonology of Mongolian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Szemerényi, Oswald. 1958. Mycenaean Greek. The Classical Review 8. 7-26.

Thompson, Laurence C. & Thompson, M. Terry. 1985. A Grassmann’s law for Salish. In Acson, Veneeta Z. & Leed, Richard L. (eds.), For Gordon H. Fairbanks, 143-147. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Threatte, Leaslie. 1980. Grammar of Attic inscriptions. Vol. I. Phonology. New York, Berlin: de Gruyter.

Vennemann, Theo. 1979. Grassmann’s law, Bartholomae’s law, and linguistic methodology. In Rauch, Irmengard & Carr, Gerald F. (eds.), Linguistic method. Essays in honor of Herbert Penzl, 557-584. The Hague: Mouton.

Vine, Brent. 2014. Grassmann’s law. In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.), Encyclopedia of ancient Greek language and linguistics, vol. 2, 26-27. Leiden & Boston: Brill.

Walde, Alois. 1906. Aspiratendissimilation im Lateinischen. Indogermanische Forschungen 19. 98-118.

Weiss, Michael. 2009a. “The Cao Bang Theory”: Presentation held at the 28th East Coast Indo-European Conference (13th June 2009), University of Iceland, Reykjavík.

Weiss, Michael. 2009b. Outline of the historical and comparative grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press.

Werba, Chlodwig H. 2007. Sanskrit duhitár- und ihre (Indo-)iranischen Verwandten. In Schweiger, Günter, Indogermanica. Festschrift Gert Klingenschmitt. Indische, Iranische und Indogermanische Studien dem verehrten Jubilar dargebracht zu seinem fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag, 699-734. Taimering: Schweiger-Verlag,

Winter, Werner. 1962. Die Vertretung indogermanischer Dentale im Tocharischen. Indogermanische Forschungen 67. 16-35.

Woodhouse, Robert. 1998. Grassmann’s law before consonant shift in Messapic and Pelasgian. Journal of Indo-European Studies 26. 469-475.

Wyatt, William F. 1976. Early Greek /y/ and Grassmann’s law. Glotta 54. 1-11.

Zukoff, Sam. 2012. The phonology of verbal reduplication in ancient Greek: an optimality theory approach. MA Thesis. University of Georgia.

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1965. Topics in Sanskrit phonology, unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.