The lexicon of the “act of accepting (pratigraha)”: an approach to the multilayered Vedic culture
PDF

Keywords

stratification of the ancient Vedic Culture
Indo-Aryan matrices
lexical linguistics
Ved. pratigraha-
gift

How to Cite

Candotti, M. P., & Pontillo, T. (2019). The lexicon of the “act of accepting (pratigraha)”: an approach to the multilayered Vedic culture. Lingua Posnaniensis, 61(2), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2019-0012

Abstract

This joint work has its ground (and scope) in a variation-oriented reading of the Vedic sources, here applied to those which mention the act of the so-called “[gift-]acceptance” (pratigraha) within mechanisms for attaining and distributing the “goods of life” among all the members of a community. The most ancient occurrences are read and contrasted against the subsequent socio-ritual context where the well-known homonymous privilege and peculiar means of livelihood for Brahmans is depicted. The tentative interpretation of the relevant passages and the consequent reconstruction.
The tentative interpretation of the relevant passages and the consequent reconstruction of the several layers of the Vedic lexicon revolving around the verbal base prati-grah- might contribute to better assessing the presence of a specific Indo-Aryan cultural matrix that might have pre-existed (and co-existed with) the mainstream Vedic world, and to better understanding how later knowledge systems succeeded in creating a new all-encompassing balance.

https://doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2019-0012
PDF

References

A The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, ed., transl. by Sharma, Ram Nath. 6 Vols. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal 1987-2003.

AB Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, ed., transl. by Haug, Martin. Bombay: Government Central Book Depot 1863 [Re-edited by Jain, S. 2 Vols. Delhi: New Bharatiya Book Corporation, 2003].

PS (Paippalāda) Atharvaveda. See Lelli 2015.

BŚS Baudhāyana Śrautasūtra, crit. ed., transl. by Kashikar, Chintaman G. 4 vols. (Kalāmūlaśāstra Series, 37). New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts/Motilal Banarsidass 2003.

GB Das Gopatha Brāhmaṇa, ed. by Gaastra, Dieuke. Leiden: Brill 1919.

JMS Jaiminīya-Mīmāṃsasūtra—Śrīmajjaiminipraṇite Mīmāṃsādarśane, Mīmāṃsakakaṇṭhīrava— Kumārilabhaṭṭapraṇita—Tantravārtikasahita—Śābara-bhāṣyopetaḥ, ed. by Abhyankar, Kashinath Vasudev & Jośī, Ganesasastri Ambadasa (Anandāśramasaṃskṛtagranthāvaliḥ 97). Poona: Anandasrama 1929-1934 [Reprint 1971-1980].

KS Kāṭhaka-Saṁhitā — Kāthakam. Die Saṁhitā der Katha-Śākhā, ed. by Schroeder, Leopold von. Leipzig: Brockhaus 1900.

MDhŚ Mānava-Dharmaśāstra. See Olivelle 2005.

MS Maitrayāṇī-Sāṃhitā, ed. by Schroeder, Leopold von. Leipzig, Brockhaus 1881-1886.

PB Pañcaviṃśa-Brāhmaṇa = Tāṇḍya-Mahābrāhmaṇa. The Tāṇḍyamahābrāhmaṇa Belonging to the Sāma Veda with the Commentary of Sāyāṇāchārya ed. by Śāstrī, A. Chinnasvāmi & Śāstrī, Paṭṭābhirāma. 2 Vols. (The Kashi Sanskrit Series, 59). Benares: Krishnadas-Gupta 1935-1936.

ṚV Ṛgveda Samhitā with the commentary of Sāyaṇācārya, ed. by Sontakke, N. S. and Kashikar, Chintaman G., 4 Vols. Poona: Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala 1933-1951. [Reprint Poona: Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala, 1983].

ṚvKh Die Apokryphen des Ṛgveda: Khilāni, crit. ed. by Scheftelowitz, Isidor. Indische Forschungen 1, 1906. 1-191.

Śābara Śābarabhā ṣ ya. See JMS.

ŚS Atharvaveda (Śaunaka) with the Padapāṭha and Sāyaṇācārya’s commentary, ed. by Bandhu, Vishva. Hoshiarpur: Vishvesvaranand Vedic Research Institute 1960-1964.

ŚŚS Śā ṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra together with the commentary of Varadattasuta Ānartīya and Govinda, ed. by Hillebrandt, Alfred. 4 Vols. New Delhi: Meharchand Lachhmandas 2002 [Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal 1885-99].

TĀ Kṛṣṇa Yajur Veda Taittirīya Āraṇyaka. Text in Devanāgarī, translation and notes – Translator Shrikant Jamadagni by Kashyap, Rangasami L. 2 Parts. Bangalore: Sri Aurobindo Kapāli Sāstry Institute of Vedic Culture 2014; 2016.

TS Kṛṣṇa Yajur Vedīya Taittirīya Saṁhitā (Samagramūlam). Complete text in Devanāgarī, ed. by Kashyap, Rangasami L. Bangalore: Sri Aurobindo Kapāli Sāstry Institute of Vedic Culture 2004.

Bartoli, Matteo. 1925. Introduzione alla neolinguistica. Genève: Olschki.

Bartoli, Matteo. 1945. Saggi di linguistica spaziale. Torino: Bona.

Bhise, Uṣā R. 1995. The Khila-Sūktas of the Ṛgveda: A study. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.

Bonfante, Giuliano & Sebeok, Thomas. 1944. Linguistics and the age and area hypothesis. American Anthropologist n.s. 46.3. 382-386.

Bronkhorst, Johannes. 2007. Greater Magadha: Studies in the culture of early India (Handbook of Oriental Studies 2. India, Vol. 19). Leiden: Brill.

Bronkhorst, Johannes. 2016. How the Brahmins Won. From Alexander to the Guptas (Handbook of Oriental Studies 2. South Asia, Vol. 30). Leiden: Brill.

Bronkhorst, Johannes. 2017. Brahmanism: Its place in ancient Indian society. Contributions to Indian Sociology 51.3. 361-369.

Candotti, Maria Piera & Pontillo, Tiziana. 2015. Aims and functions of Vrātyastoma-celebrations: A historical appraisal. In Pontillo, Tiziana & Bignami, Cristina & Dore, Moreno & Mucciarelli, Elena (eds.) The volatile world of sovereignty. The vrātya problem and kingship in South Asia and beyond, 153-213. New Delhi: DK Printworld.

Candotti, Maria Piera & Pontillo, Tiziana. 2016. La Matrice più antica dell’istituzione Vedica del dono: Testi e stratificazioni. Cagliari: Edizioni AV-Visiting Scientist Programme.

Deshpande, Madhav M. 1980. Evolution of syntactic theory in Sanskrit grammar: Syntax of the Sanskrit infinitive -tumUN (Linguistica Extranea, Studia 10). Ann Arbor: Karoma Publ.

Deshpande, Madhav M. 1987. Pāṇinian syntax and the changing notion of sentence. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 68. 55-98.

Dore, Moreno & Pontillo, Tiziana. 2013. What do Vrātyas have to do with long-stalked plants? Darbha, kuśa, śara and iṣīkā in Vedic and Classical sources. Pandanus (150th Anniversary of the Birth of Moriz Winternitz Seminar) 4. 35-61.

Eggeling, Julius. 1882. The Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa: According to the text of the Mādhyandina school. Part I, Books I and II. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Elizarenkova, Tatyana J. 1995. Language and style of the Vedic ṛṣis. New York: State Univ. Press.

Falk, Harry. 1986. Bruderschaft und Würfelspiel: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des vedischen Opfers. Freiburg, Falk.

Geldner, Karl Friedrich. 1951. Der Rig-Veda aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsch übersetzt und mit einem laufenden Kommentar versehen. 3 Vols. (Harvard Oriental Series 33-35). Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.

Grierson, George Abraham. 1903. The language of India. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent.

Grierson, George Abraham. 1927a. The two invasion hypothesis. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 400-401.

Grierson, George Abraham. 1927b. Linguistic survey of India. Vol. 1.1. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Hauer, Jakob Wilhelm. 1927. Der Vrātya: Untersuchungen über die nichtbrahmanische Religion. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Hillebrandt, Alfred. 1891. Vedische Mythologie. Breslau: Koebner.

Hillebrandt, Alfred. 1927-19292. Vedische Mythologie. Breslau: Marcus [Reprint Hildesheim 1965].

Hock, Hans Heinrich 1986. Principles of historical linguistics (Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monograph 34). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Hock, Hans Heinrich. 2012. Sanskrit and Pāṇini: Core and periphery. Samskṛta Vimarsha N. S. (World Sanskrit Conference Special) 6. 85-102.

Hock, Hans Heinrich & Bashir, Elena. 2016. The languages and linguistics of South Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Hoernle, Augustus Frederic Rudolf. 1880. A comparative grammar of the Gaudian languages. London: Trübner.

Houben, Jan E. M. 2012. Preface to the Indian Edition. In Houben, Jan E. M. (ed.), Ideology and status of Sanskrit. Contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language, XI-XXXI. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Jamison, Stephanie W. & Brereton, Joel P. (transl.). 2014. The Rigveda: The earliest religious poetry of India. 3 Vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jasanoff, Jay H. 2003. Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kashikar. 2003. See BŚS.

Keith, Arthur Berriedale (transl.). 1920. The Aitareya and Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇas of the Rigveda (Harvard Oriental Series, 25). London: Harvard University Press [Reprint Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 1981].

Kosambi, Damodar Dharmananda. 1956. An introduction to the study of Indian history. Bombay: Popular Prakashan [Reprint 1975].

Lelli, Duccio. 2015. The Paippalādasaṁhitā of the Atharvaveda kāṇḍa 15: a new edition with translation and commentary. Leiden University dissertation. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/32592/abbrevia20bibl.pdf?sequence=7.

Lévi, Sylvain. 1966. La doctrine du sacrifice dans les Brāhmaṇas. Turnhout: Brepols.

Lubotsky, Alexander. 2001. The Indo-Iranian substratum. In Carpelan, Christian, Parpola, Asko & Koskikallio, Petteri (eds.), Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and archaeological considerations, 301-317. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne.

Malamoud, Charles. 1976. Terminer le sacrifice, remarques sur les honoraires rituels dans le brahmanisme. In Biardeau, Madeleine & Malamoud, Charles (eds.), Le Sacrifice dans l’Inde ancienne, 155-204. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Neri, Chiara & Pontillo, Tiziana. 2014 [2015]. Words involving the stem brahman- denoting the achievement of super-human status in Vedic and Sutta Piṭaka sources. In Pontillo, Tiziana (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference “Patterns of Bravery”, 14th-16th May 2015. Indologica Taurinensia 40. 151-194.

Neri, Chiara & Pontillo, Tiziana. 2016. The meaning of the phrase “to become brahman-”. In Pontillo, Tiziana & Dore, Moreno & Hock, Hans Heinrich (eds.), Vrātya culture in Vedic sources. Select papers from the panel on “Vrātya culture in Vedic Sources” at the 16th World Sanskrit Conference (Bangkok, 28 June – 2 July 2015), 117-157. Delhi: DK Publishers.

Oldenberg, Hermann. 1894. Die Religion des Veda. Berlin: Hertz.

Oldenberg, Hermann. 1909; 1912. Ṛgveda. Textkritische und exegetische Noten (Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 11, 13). Berlin: Weidmann.

Olivelle, Patrick. 2005. Manu’s code of Law: A critical edition and translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra. New York: Oxford University Press.

Parpola, Asko. 1983. The pre-Vedic Indian background of the Śrauta rituals. In Staal, Fritz (ed.), Agni: The Vedic ritual of the fire altar, Vol. 2, 41-75. Berkeley: Asia Humanities Press.

Parpola, Asko. 2012. The Dāsas of the Ṛgveda as Proto-Sakas of the Yaz I -related cultures: With a revised model for the protohistory of Indo-Iranian speakers. In Huld, Martin E. & Jones-Bley, Karlene & Miller, Dean (eds.), Archaeology and language: Indo-European studies presented to James P. Mallory (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph), 221-264. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.

Parpola, Asko. 2015. The roots of Hinduism: The early Aryans and the Indus civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Patyal, H. C. 1975. On the Atharvaveda Śaunaka XX.135.7. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 35, 1-2. 417-425.

Pisani, Vittore. 1966. Lingua poetica indoeuropea. Archivio Glottologico Italiano 50. 105-122 [Reprint in Lingue e Culture, ed. by Pisani, Vittore, 347-375. Brescia: Paideia 1969].

Pontillo, Tiziana. 2017. Ipotesi di applicazione al lessico indoario della versione ‘Pisani’ della linguistica areale. Ἀλεξάν δ ρεια. Alessandria. Rivista di Glottologia 11. 45-62.

Pontillo, Tiziana. & Dore, Moreno. 2016. Inquiries into Vrātya-phenomenon: an introduction. In Pontillo, Tiziana & Dore, Moreno & Hock, Hans Heinrich (eds.), Vrātya culture in Vedic sources. Select papers from the panel on “Vrātya culture in Vedic sources” at the 16th World Sanskrit Conference (Bangkok, 28 June – 2 July 2015), 1-33. Delhi: DK Publishers.

Renou, Louis. 1956. Histoire de la langue Sanskrite. Lyon: IAC.

Ruegg, David Seyfort. 2001. A note on the relationship between Buddhist and ‘Hindu’ divinities in Buddhist literature and iconology: The Laukika/Lokottara contrast and the notion of an Indian ‘religious substratum’. In Torella, Raffaele (ed.), Le parole e i marmi. Studi in onore di Raniero Gnoli nel suo 70º compleanno (Serie Orientale, Roma XCII,1-2), 735-742. Roma: ISIAO.

Samuel, George. 2008. The origins of yoga and tantra. Indic religions to the thirteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sanderson, Alexis. 1994. Vajrāyāna: Origin and function. In Buddhism in the year 2000 (Conference Proceedings), 87-102. Bangkok: Dhammakāya Foundation.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1879 [1878]. Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-europeénnes. Leipzig: Teubner.

Schrijver, Peter. 1999. Vedic gṛbhṇ ā́ ti, gṛbhāyáti and the semantic of *ye-derivatives of nasal presents. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 59. 115-162.

Sferra, Francesco. 2003. Some considerations on the relationship between Hindu and Buddhist Tantras. In Verardi, Giovanni & Vita, Silvio (eds.), Buddhist Asia 1 (Papers from the First Conference of Buddhist studies held in Naples in May 2001, 57-84. Kyoto: Italian School of East Asian Studies.

Weber, Albrecht. 1865. Indische Studien: Beiträge für fie Kunde des Indischen Altertums. Leipzig: Brockhaus.

Whitney, William Dwight. 1905. Atharva-Veda Samhitā: Translated with critical and exegetical commentary, revised and brought nearer to completation and edited by Lanman, Charles R. 2 Vols. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University.

Witzel, Michael. 1987. On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools. In Pollet, Gilbert (ed.), India and the ancient world: History, trade and culture before A.D. 650. Professor Pierre Hermann Leonard Eggermont Jubilee Volume (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 25), 173-213. Leuven, Department Oriëntalistiek.

Witzel, Michael. 1989. Tracing the Vedic dialects. In Caillat, Colette (ed.), Dialectes dans les littératures indo-aryennes (Publications de l’Institut de Civilisation Indienne, 55), 97-265. Paris: de Boccard.

Witzel, Michael. 1997. The development of the Vedic Canon and its schools: The social and political milieu. In Witzel, Michael (ed.), Inside the texts, beyond the texts (Harvard Oriental Series. Opera Minora, Vol. 2), 257-345. Cambridge (Mass.): Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies.