Abstract
Bank filtration (BF) is a nature-based solution that can provide safe drinking water at a low cost, in being a green tech- nology that benefits from natural ecosystem services and saves energy as well. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate the potentiality of a new site for bank filtration along a surface water source that experiences periods of both high and low flow. This site is located along the Ismailia Canal in the eastern Nile Delta fringe of Egypt. The present evaluation is based on exploratory drilling, installation of monitoring infrastructure and monitoring of both water level and water quality parameters for one year. The site has favourable hydrogeological conditions; the mean hydraulic conductivity of aquifer materials (sand and gravel) is 18.98 m/day. Moreover, there is a hydraulic connection between canal and aquifer; under steady conditions, the canal feeds the aquifer. Using different tracers, such as Cl, EC, Sr and SO4, the average bank filtration share is in excess of 95%. BF has reduced the particulates (turbidity) by 96%, total col- iform by 99 % and total organic carbon (TOC) expressed as ultra-violet absorbance at 254 wavelengths (UVA254) by 44%. In addition, BF reduces concentrations of disinfection by-products due to its ability to remove organic matter. The potential degradation of TOC in the canal bed sediments may cause the release of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) to the bank filtrate water; this process is exaggerated during low-flow periods. Compared to conventional water treatment, BF is a cost-effective green technology, because no chemicals are used and no waste products are generated.
References
Abdalla, F. & Shamrukh, M., 2016. Quantification of River Nile/Quaternary aquifer exchanges via riverbank filtration by hydrochemical and biological indicators, Assuit, Egypt. Journal of Earth System Science 125, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0755-1
Abdel-Shafy, H.I. & Aly, R.O., 2002. Water issues in Egypt resources, pollution and protection endeavors. Central European Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 8, 3-21.
Abdelrady, A., Sharma, S., Sefelnasr, A., El-Rawy, M. & Kennedy, M., 2020. Analysis of the performance of bank filtration for water supply in arid climates: Case study in Egypt. Water 12, 1816; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061816
APHA, 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, USA.
Appelo, C.A.J. & Postma, D., 1993. Geochemistry, ground-water and pollution. Balkema, Amsterdam, 532 pp.
CAPMAS, 2019. Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (website: https://www.capmas.gov.eg/)
De Vet, W.W.J.M., Van Genuchten, C.C.A., Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. & Van Dijk, J.C., 2010. Water quality and treatment of river bank filtrate. Drinking Water Engineering Science 3, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-3-79-2010
EHCW (Egyptian, Higher Committee of Water), 2007. Egyptian standards for drinking and domestic water according to the Act 458/2007 in regulating of the public water supplies. Egyptian Governmental Press.
El Shamy, 1992. Hydrogeology of Wadi El - Tumilat stretch and its surroundings, East of Nile Delta, Egypt. Proceedings of the 8th Phanerozoic Development, Cairo University, Egypt, 201-223.
Fetter, C.W., 2001. Applied hydrogeology, 4th edition. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York, 691 pp.
Geriesh, M.H., Balke, K. & EL-Rayes, A., 2008. Problems of drinking water treatment along Ismailia Canal Province, Ismailia, Egypt. Journal of Zhejiang University Science 9, 232-242. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710634
Ghodeif, K.O., 2011. Removal of iron and manganese within the aquifer using enhanced riverbank filtration technique under arid conditions. [In:] Ray, C. & Shamrukh, M. (Eds): Riverbank filtration for water security in desert countries. Springer, Berlin, 235-25310.1007/978-94-007-0026-0_14
Ghodeif, K.O. & Grischek, T., 2015. Bank filtration under arid conditions for drinking water supply at low cost. STDF project report 3160, Cairo, Egypt.
Ghodeif, K.O., Arnous, M.O. & Geriesh, M.H., 2013. Define a protected buffer zone for Ismailia Canal, Egypt using geographic information systems. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-011-0326-3
Ghodeif, K.O., Wahaab, R. & Sorour, S., 2017. The impact of low-flow season on source drinking water quality, Rosetta branch, Egypt. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene Development 7, 477-484. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.158
Ghodeif, K.O., Grischek, T., Bartak, R., Wahaab, R. & Herlitzius, J., 2016. Potential of river bank fitration (RBF) in Egypt. Environmntal Earth Science 75, 671.3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5454-3
Ghodeif, K.O., Paufler, S, Grischek, T, Wahaab, R, Souaya, E, Bakr, M, & Abogabal, A., 2018. Riverbank filtration in Cairo, Egypt - part I: installation of a new riverbank filtration site and first monitoring results. Environ Earth Science 77, 270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7450-2
Górski, J., Dragon, K. & Kruć, R., 2018. A comparison of the efficiency of riverbank filtration treatments in different types of wells. Geologos 24, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.2478/logos-2018-0025
Hiscock, K.M. & Grischek, T., 2002. Attenuation of groundwater pollution by bank filtration. Journal of Hydrology 266, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00158-0
Kühn, W. & Müller, U., 2000. Riverbank filtration - an overview. Journal of American Water Works Association 60, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb09071.x
MWRI (Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation), 2013. Water level measurements along Ismailia Canal. Internal report, MWRI, Cairo, Egypt.
Nagy-Kovács, Z., Davidesz, J., Czihat-Mártonné, K., Till, G., Fleit, E., & Grischek, T., 2019. Water quality changes during riverbank filtration in Budapest, Hungary. Water 11, 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020302
Ray, C., Soong, T.W., Lian, Y.Q. & Roadcap, G.S., 2002. Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites. Journal of Hydrology 266, 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3
Reemtsma, T. & Jekel, M., 2006. Organic Pollutants in the water cycle: Properties, Occurrence, Analysis and Environmental Relevance of Polar Compounds. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 350 pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/352760877X
Shamrukh, M. & Abdel-Wahab, A, 2011. Water Pollution and Riverbank Filtration for Water Supply along River Nile, Egypt. In: Ray C & Shamrukh M (eds) Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries; Springer, Berlin, pp. 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0026-0_2
Shamrukh, M. & Abdel-Wahab, A., 2008. Riverbank filtration for sustainable water supply: application to a large-scale facility on the Nile River. Clean Technology and Environmental Policy 10, 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-007-0143-2
Sprenger, C.G., Lorenzen, I., Hülshoff, G., Grützmacher, M., Ronghang, A. & Pekdeger, 2011. Vulnerability of bank filtration systems to climate change. Science of Total Environment 409, 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.11.002
Stahl, R. & Ramadan, A.B., 2008. Environmental Studies on Water Quality of the Ismailia Canal / Egypt. Institut für Technische Chemie. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 58 pp.
Wahaab, R.A., Salah, A. & Grischek, T., 2019. Water quality changes during the initial operating phase of riverbank filtration sites in Upper Egypt. Water 11, 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061258
Weiss, W.J., Bouwer, E.J., Ball, W.P., O'Melia, C.R., Lechevallier, M.W., Arora, H. & Speth, T.F., 2003. Riverbank filtration - fate of DBP precursors and selected microorganisms. Journal American Water Works Association 95, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10475.x
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Kamal Ghodeif, Rifaat A. Wahaab, Thomas Grischek, Hana Afifi, Neveen Wahsh
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.