Keywords
Bajocian–Callovian
lithofacies
ichnofacies
base level
How to Cite
Abstract
Synrift basin margin successions are greatly influenced by eustatic sea level changes, tectonics and accommodation space filled in by sediments. The Middle Jurassic (Bajocian–Callovian) of Chorar Island (western India) comprises a ~109-m-thick synrift basin margin succession of clastic, non-clastic and mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks which are here analysed and categorised into nine lithofacies. The succession is bioturbated to varying intensities; 16 identified ichnogenera can be assigned to environmentally related groups of five trace fossil assemblages, which include Gyrochorte, Hillichnus, Rhizocorallium, Skolithos and Thalassinoides. These ichnoassemblages document the Skolithos and Cruziana Ichnofacies which marks a change in energy conditions, sedimentation dispersal patterns and bathymetry in a shallow-marine environment. The Bajocian–Callovian succession is further analysed on the basis of sedimentological and ichnological data that show two genetic sequences consisting of Transgressive Systems Tract and Highstand Systems Tract bounded by Maximum Flooding Surface. The synrift basin margin succession of the Middle Jurassic of Chorar Island shows cyclicity in deposition; the Bajocian–Bathonian succession represents progradational to retrogradational coastlines, while the Callovian succession documents an aggrading progradational coastline.
References
Biswas, S.K., 1971. Notes on the geology of Kutch. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining, and Metallurgical Society of India 43, 223–236.
Biswas, S.K., 1977. Mesozoic rock-stratigraphy of Kutch, Gujarat. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological, Mining, and Metallurgical Society of India 49, 1–52.
Biswas, S.K., 1983. Cretaceous of Kutch-Kathiawar region. [In:] Proceeding of Symposium on Cretaceous of India Palaeoecology, Palaeogeography and Time boundaries, Indian Association of Palynostratigraphers 40–65.
Biswas, S.K., 1993. Geology of Kutch. KD Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Dehradun, 450 pp.
Biswas, S.K., 1999. A review on the evolution of rift basins in India during Gondwana with special reference to western Indian basins and their hydrocarbon prospects. [In:] Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy part A 65, 261–283.
Biswas, S.K., 2005. A review of structure and tectonics of Kutch basin, western India, with special reference to earthquakes. Special section: Intraplate Seismicity. Current Science 88, 1592–1600.
Biswas, S.K., 2016. Mesozoic and Tertiary Stratigraphy of Kutch (Kachchh) – A review. Special Publication of Geological Society of India 6, 1–24.
Bromley, R.G. & Frey, R.W., 1974. Redescription of the trace fossil Gyrolithes and taxonomic evaluation of Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha, and Spongeliomorpha. Bulletin Geological Society of Denmark 23, 311–335.
Bromley, R.G., Uchman, A., Gregory M.R. & Martin, A.J., 2003. Hillichnus lobosensis igen. et isp. nov., a complex trace fossil produced by tellinacean bivalves, Paleocene, Monterey, California, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 192,157–186.
Carmona, N.B., Mángano, M.G., Buatois, L.A. & Ponce, J.J., 2010. Taphonomy and paleoecology of the bivalve trace fossil Protovirgularia in deltaic heterolithic facies of the Miocene Chenque Formation, Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 84, 730–738.
Catuneanu, O., 2006. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 386 pp.
Catuneanu, O., Abreu, V., Bhattacharya, J.P., Blum, M.D., Dalrymple, R.W., Eriksson, P.G., Fielding, C.R., Fisher, W.L., Galloway, W.E., Gibling, M.R., Giles, K.A., Holbrook, J.M., Jordan, R., Kendall, C.G., St, C., Macurda, B., Martinsen, O.J., Miall, A.D., Neal, J.E., Nummedal, D., Pomar, L., Posamentier, H.W., Pratt, B.R., Sarg, J.F., Shanley, K.W., Steel, R.J., Strasser, A., Tucker, M.E. & Winker, C., 2009. Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy. Earth Science Review 92, 1–33.
Chamberlain, C.K., 1977. Ordovician and Devonian trace fossils from Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 90, 24 pp.
Church, K.D. & Gawthorpe, R.L., 1997. Sediment supply as a control on the variability of sequences: an example from the late Namurian of northern England. Journal of the Geological Society, London 54, 55–60.
Darngawn, J.L., Patel, S.J., Joseph, J.K., & Shitole, A.D., 2018. Palaeoecological significance of trace fossils of Chorar Island, Eastern Kachchh Basin, Western India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 63, 169–180.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures. [In:] Ham, W.E. (Ed.): Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association Petroleum Geology, Memoirs 1, 108–121.
Ekdale, E.G. & Ekdale, A.A., 2018. Hillichnus lobosensis, an unusually complex trace fossil of burrowing bivalves from the Paleogene of southern California, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 493, 119–125.
Fürsich F.T., 1998. Environmental distribution of trace fossils in the Jurassic of Kachchh (Western India). Facies 39, 243–272.
Fürsich, F.T., Alberti, M. & Pandey, D.K., 2013. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironments of Jurassic rocks of Kachchh: Field Guide. Special Issue, Beringeria 7, 174 pp.
Fürsich, F.T., Pandey, D.K., Callomon, J.H., Jaitly, A.K. & Singh, I.B., 2001. Marker beds in the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin, Western India: their depositional environment and sequence stratigraphic significance. Journal Palaeontological Society of India 46, 173–198.
Galloway, W.E., 1989. Genetic stratigraphic sequences in basin analysis, I. Architecture and genesis of flooding-surface bounded depositional units. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 73, 125–142.
Gibert, J.M.D. & Benner, J.S., 2002. The trace fossil Gyrochorte: ethology and paleoecology. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia 17, 1–12.
Guha, D.K., 1977. On some Mesozoic Ostracoda from subcrops of Banni, Rann of Kutch, India. [In:] M.S. Srinivasan (Ed.): Proceeding of the 6th Indian Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology & Stratigraphy, Banaras 84–90.
Hakes, W.G., 1985. Trace fossils in brackish-marine shales, Upper Pennsylvanian of Kansas, U.S.A. [In:] Curran, H.A. (Ed.): Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 35, 21–35.
Haq, B.U. & Al-Qahtani, A.M., 2005. Phanerozoic cycles of sea-level change on the Arabian Platform. GeoArabia 10, 127–160.
Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J. & Vail, P.R., 1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and eustatic cycles. [In:] Wilgus, C.K., et al. (Eds): Sea-level research: An integrated approach. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 42, 71–108.
Howard, J.D. & Singh, I.B., 1985. Trace fossils in the Mesozoic sediments, Kachchh, Western India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5, 99–122.
Joseph, J.K. & Patel, S.J., 2015. Ichnology of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sedimentary cycles and their sequence stratigraphic context: Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Kachchh, western India. Volumina Jurassica 13, 81–100.
Joseph J.K., Patel S.J. & Bhatt, N.Y., 2012a. Trace fossil assemblages in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India. Journal of Geological Society of India 80, 189–214.
Joseph, J.K., Patel, S.J. & Bhatt, N.Y., 2012b. Sedimentology and Depositional environments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India. Gondwana Geological Magazine spec. vol. 13, 75–86.
Kern, J.P.H. & Warme, J.E., 1974. Trace fossils and bathymetry of the Upper Cretaceous Point Loma Formation, San Diego, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85, 893–900.
Khosla, S.C., Jakhar, S.R., Nagori, M.L., Felix, A.D. & Kumari, M., 2003. Jurassic Ostracode Fauna from the Type Section of Khadir Formation, Kachchh and Lophocythere vertipolycostata n. sp. Journal Geological Society of India 61, 61–74.
Knaust, D., 2013. The ichnogenus Rhizocorallium: classification, trace makers, palaeoenvironments and evolution. Earth Science Review 126, 1–47.
Kulkarni, K.G. & Ghare, M.A., 1991. Locomotory traces (Repichnia) from the Jurassic sequence of Kutch, Gujarat. Journal of the Geological Society of India 37, 374.
Lord, G.D., 1985. Stratigraphy, petrography and depositional environments of the Twin Creek Limestone – Arapien Shale, northern and central Utah. Unpublished. University of Utah, 87 pp.
Martins-Neto, M.A. & Catuneanu, O., 2009. Rift sequence stratigraphy. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, 247–253.
Myrow, P.M., 1995. Thalassinoides and the Enigma of Early Paleozoic open-framework burrow systems. Palaios 10, 58–74.
Osgood, R.G.Jr., 1970. Trace fossils of the Cincinnati area. Palaeontographica Americana 6, 277–444.
Patel, S.J. & Joseph, J.K., 2012. Deepening upward sequence of Callovian-Oxfordian Gangta Bet, Wagad, Eastern Kachchh, India. Proceeding of Annual International Conference on Geological and Earth Science, 13–18.
Patel, S.J., Desai, B.G. & Shukla, R., 2009. Paleoecological significance of the trace fossils of Dhosa Oolite Member (Jumara Formation), Jhura Dome, Mainland Kachchh, Western India. Journal of Geological Society of India 74, 60–614.
Patel, S.J., Joseph, J.K. & Bhatt, N.Y., 2010. Sequence stratigraphic significance of sedimentary cycles and trace fossils in the Middle Jurassic rocks of Kuar Bet area, Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India. Special Publication of Gondwana Geological Magazine 12, 189–97.
Patel, S.J., Joseph, J.K. & Bhatt, N.Y., 2013. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments (Middle Jurassic) of the Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India: An ichnological approach. Special Publication of Geological Society of India 84–111.
Patel, S.J., Joseph, J.K. & Bhatt, N.Y., 2014. Ichnology of the Goradongar Formation, Goradongar Hill Range, Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India. Journal of Geological Society of India 84, 129–154.
Patel, S.J., Darngawn, J.L., Joseph, J.K. & Shitole, A.D., 2018., Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Middle Jurassic Sequence of Chorar Island, Patan District, Kachchh Basin, Gujarat. Journal Geological Society of India 92, 419–426.
Patel, S.J., Desai, B.G., Vaidya, A.D. & Shukla, R., 2008. Middle Jurassic trace fossils from Habo Dome, Mainland Kachchh, Western India. Journal of Geological Society of India 71, 345–362.
Pemberton, S.G., 2001. Ichnology and sedimentology of shallow to marginal marine systems. Geological Association of Canada. Short Course 15, pp. 343.
Pemberton, S.G. & MacEachern, J.A., 1995. The sequence stratigraphic significance of trace fossils: examples from the Cretaceous foreland basin of Alberta, Canada. [In:] J.C. Van Wagoner & G. Bertram (Eds): Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 64, 429–475.
Pemberton, S.G., Spila, M., Pulham, A.J., Saunders, T., Maceachern, J.A., Robbins, D. & Sinclair, I.K., 2001. Ichnology and sedimentology of shallow to marginal marine systems: Ben Nevis and Avalon Reservoirs, Jeanne d’Arc Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 15, 353.
Picard, M.D. & Uygur, K., 1982. Mixed terrigenous-carbonate rocks in Jurassic Arapien Shale of central Utah. [In:] D.L. Nielson (Ed.): Overthrust belt of Utah. Utah Geological Association 10, 181–198.
Ruban, D.A., 2015. Mesozoic long-term eustatic cycles and their uncertain hierarchy. Geoscience Frontiers 6, 503–511.
Savrda, C.E. & Bottjer, D.J., 1986. Trace-fossil model for reconstruction of paleo-oxygenation in bottom waters. Geology 15, 3–6.
Seilacher, A., 1953. Studien zur Palichnologie II. Die fossilen Ruhespuren (Cubichnia). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 98, 87–124.
Seilacher, A., 1967. Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology 5, 413–428.
Seilacher, A., 2007. Trace Fossil Analysis. Springer, Berlin, 226 pp.
Shringarpure, D.M., 1986. Trace fossils at omission surface from Mesozoic of Kutch, Gujarat, Western India. Bulletin of the Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Society of India 54, 13–148.
Vail, P.R., Audemard, F., Bowman, S.A., Eisner, P.N. & Perez-Cruz, C., 1991.The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology – an overview. [In:] G. Einsele, W. Ricken & A. Seilacher (Eds): Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 617–659.
Worsley, D. & Mørk, A., 2001. The environmental significance of the trace fossil Rhizocorallium jenense in the Lower Triassic of western Spitsbergen. Polar Research 20, 37–48.
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Jehova L. Darngawn, Satish J. Patel, Jaquilin K. Joseph, Apuva D. Shitole
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.