Studia Europaea Gnesnensia is a journal of local, national and international scope. The subject matter of the journal is focused on broadly understood European culture without chronological and problematic limitations. The research areas covered in the texts published in Studia Europaea Gnesnensia are reflected by the following keywords: roots of Europe, history and culture of Europe, identity of Europe, the idea of Europe. The main objective of the journal is promoting an in-depth debate on European culture in the broad sense of the term. From 2021, the journal is annual (we publish one issue a year). The papers, review articles, reviews and polemics published in our journal span such scientific disciplines as history, history of art, archaeology, architecture and urban planning, philosophy, linguistics, ethnology, cultural studies, religious studies, literary studies, media studies, cognitive and communication sciences, political sciences and law. Texts are published in Polish, English, German, French, Italian and Spanish. Professor Mateusz Jaeger Editor in Chief Open access policy The journal ensures immediate, open access to all its content in accordance with the principle that freely available research and studies enhance and foster global scientific development and exchange of knowledge. The editors encourage authors to submit papers featured in the journal ( following peer-review or in their final, published version) to open access repositories with a SEG website link and the DOI of the article. ABOUT THE JOURNAL CURRENT ISSUE ARCHIVE INDEXED IN: CEJSH; ERIH PLUS; INDEX COPERNICUS; Google Scholar; WorldCat; <span style="color: #646464; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">THE KEEPERS; <span style="color: #646464; font-family: arial; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">ROAD; CROSSREF; OPENALEX; <a href="https://ezb.ur.de/searchres.phtml?altcha=eyJhbGdvcml0aG0iOiJTSEEtMjU2IiwiY2hhbGxlbmdlIjoiMDkxZDFlY2ZiNzNlMmY4NjI5YWIxM2Q4MTg1YTgwMGY2NGY5MWIyMmNlZmFiYzYwZDJkMThjZGMwMTE0MzQwYSIsIm51bWJlciI6NzQzNiwic2FsdCI6IklXcmNxM1p3bU0%2FZXhwaXJlcz0xNzUwMDc2MzQ0Iiwic2lnbmF0dXJlIjoiYjAyNzg0YTg0ODA1Y2EyZTQ0NDliNGI4MzVhNjUyMzY2MjdmZTQ1NzlkOGRhYmQ5ZjhkMjgyMGY1ZjdmOTRlMyIsInRvb2siOjM0NX0%3D&lang=en&jq_type1=IS&jq_term1=2720-7145">EZB JOURNAL METRICS: Ministry of Education and Science (2021): 20 points DOI: 10.14746/seg ISSN: 2082-5951 E-ISSN 2720-7145 ARTICLES ARE LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS: Attribution 4.0 International License. PUBLISHER: Adam Mickiewicz University Adam Mickiewicz University Press
Copyright (c) 2012 . . https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Mary Louise Pratt, Imperialne spojrzenie. Pisarstwo podróżnicze a transkulturacja, Wyd. Universitas, Kraków 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Filip Kubiaczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Dominique Moïsi, Geopolityka emocji. Jak kultury strachu, upokorzenia, nadziei przeobrażają świat, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2012
Między rozumieniem a interpretacją, albo historia Hiszpanii w oczach Francuza
Recenzja książki: Joseph Pérez, Entender la historia de España, La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid 2011
Magnateria i duchowieństwo u progu Oświecenia. Między tradycyjnymi formami patronatu a pogłębianiem więzi klientalnych
Recenzja książki: Karolina Stojek-Sawicka, Duchowieństwo katolickie w życiu Radziwiłłów nieświeskich w XVIII wieku, Adam Marszałek, Wrocław 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Andrea Mariani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Atlas personifikacji żeńskich, męskich i geograficznych na imperialnych monetach rzymskich
Recenzja książki: Franziska Schmidt-Dick, Typenatlas der römischen Reichsprägung von Augustus bis Aemilianus. Erster Band: Weibliche Darstellungen. (Veröffentlichungen derNumismatischen Kommission 38 = Denkschriften der Philosophisch-Historische Klasse derÖsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 309 = Numismatische Zeitschrift, herausgegeben vonder Österreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft, 110), Wien 2002; Franziska Schmidt-Dick, Typenatlas der römischen Reichsprägung von Augustus bis Aemilianus. Zweiter Band: Geographische und männliche Darstellungen (Veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission 55 = Denkschriften der Philosophisch--Historische Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 428), Wien 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Katarzyna Balbuza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
W co wierzyli Prasłowianie, czyli manowce komparatystyki albo opowieść Jakuba Zieliny oparta na źródłach historycznych i etnograficznyc
Recenzja książki: Jakub Zielina, Wierzenia Prasłowian, Wydawnictwo Petrus, Kraków 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Dariusz Spychała https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Helleńska literatura i sztuka — dwie różne historie?
Recenzja książki: Robin Osborne, The History Written on the Classical Greek Body, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 201
Copyright (c) 2012 Lucyna Kostuch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Erich S. Gruen, Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2011
Uwagi o polemikach. Na marginesie dyskusji nad pochodzeniem Anonima Galla,
Recenzja książki: Jarosław Wenta, Kronika tzw. Galla. Historyczne (monastyczne i genealogiczne) oraz geograficzne konteksty powstania, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK, Toruń 201
Copyright (c) 2012 Edward Skibiński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Tonio Hölscher, Sztuka rzymska: język obrazowy jako system semantyczny, przeł. L. Olszewski, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Monika Owsianna (Kubiaczyk) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, Starożytna Grecja. Historia polityczna, społeczna i kulturalna, z ang. przeł. O. Dragouni, Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 2010
Copyright (c) 2012 Mariusz Ciesielski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Krzysztof Amielańczyk, Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis. Ustawa Korneliusza Sulli przeciwko nożownikom i trucicielom 81 r. p.n.e., Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 2011.
Copyright (c) 2012 Paulina Lampkowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rzymska polityka dynastyczna w okresie w okresie dynastii julijsko-klaudyjskiej
Recenzja książki: Wojciech Boruch, Studies in the History of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2010
Copyright (c) 2012 Krzysztof Królczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Recenzja książki: Karol Kłodziński, Sekretarze ab epistulis i a libellis w kancelarii cesarzy od Augusta do Hadriana. Studium historyczno-prawne, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Sebastian Ruciński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pięćdziesiąt lat polskich badań archeologicznych w Novae
Recenzja książki: T. Derda, P. Dyczek, J. Kolendo (red.), Novae: Legionary Fortress and Late Antique Town, I: A Companion on the Study of Novae, Wydawnictwo Ośrodka Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej UW, Warsaw 2008 [2009]
Copyright (c) 2012 Michał Duch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lucian of Samosata’s (ca. 125–195) “How to write history” and its knowledge in historical methodology in Poland of the past centuries
The article contains a short presentation of the treatise entitled How to write history. The hand which wrote it was Lucian of Samosata, a Greek rhetor and sophist (2nd cent.). It is the sole treatise concerning methodology of history that the antiquity left us. Knowledge of the text is also transparent in the writings of authors who created on the territory of the Polish “Republic of the Gentry” in the 16th and 17th cent., and who were keen on historiographic reflection, such as Stanisław Iłowski, Jan Firlej of Dąbrowica, Bartłomiej Keckermann and Szymon Starowolski.
Copyright (c) 2012 Ignacy Lewandowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modelli di comportamento sociale nell’omiletica gesuita polacca Fra Societas Christiana e sarmatismo illuminato
The article discusses the models of social behaviour that were propagated by the Jesuit preachers of the Polish and Lithuanian provinces in the mid-18th century. The selected sermons reveal immediate intellectual links with the Western authors of theological treatises as well as direct references to the mores of the noblemen and other social strata of thePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth. The specificity of the studied preachers consists in their attempts at adapting the model of piety formulated in the Catholic Church of the post-Tridentine era to the realities of the Polish-Lithuanian society.
Problems of research of Lemkos’ national identity in historiography: political tendency and scientific assessment
The article attempts to trace the scientific achievements of Polish, Slovak and Ukrainian scholars in the studies of national identity of the Lemkos. Our approach is novel in the sense that it considers the entirety of historiography concerned with Lemkivshchyna - as an integral historical and ethnographic region, which is justified in terms of science and methodology. The attention is focused on specific periodization, which allows one to isolate specific stages in the historiography of Lemkivshchyna. In this context, the studies dating from the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century are particularly valuable. A number of works written in that period have lost nothing of their relevance. It has already been emphasized that the early 1990s were the most productive period for the Polish, Slovak and Ukrainian research of Lemkivshchyna. Undoubtedly, the intensity of democratic feeling in Central-Eastern Europe played a part. \ Particular attention is paid to the analysis of Polish historiography. At the same time, the authors stress that the issues receives significantly less attention from the Ukrainian researchers, which results in a small number of publications. The authors conclude that all in all, despite a certain number of available scientific treatises, a comprehensive ethnological study of the historical and ethnographic region of Lemkivshchyna is still lacking. Such studies should define the features of creating and consolidating national identity of the Lemkos. Indeed, embarking on and publishing extensive and complex historical-ethnological studies would negate the existing biased interpretations regarding this issue.
Copyright (c) 2012 Orest Krasiwski, Igor Lyubchyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theodor Herzl: From Ahasverus to Baal Teshuva
Theodor Zeev Benjamin Herzl (1860-1904) was the creator of Zionist ideology, which, for the purposes of preparing the Jewish nation to mass emigration to the Promised Land and establishing a state there, made full use of available imagery and visual culture. Zionist iconosphere was therefore created, where Herzl’s iconography occupies a key position. The figure became the foremost Zionist icon, while his codified depiction was to be an embodiment of Zionist and express its ideas. One of such embodiments was Herzl’s portrait by Leopold Pilichowski, made in 1908 on commission from the delegates of the seventh congress. The composition evokes a range of pictorial guidelines, while juxtaposition of the portrait with other works (by A. Nossig, S. Hirszenberg, G. Dore and B. Schatz) enables one to discern an iconographic sequence which draws on the idea of Ahasverus (the Wandering Jew). For Zionism, Ahasverus is an archetype of the so-called negative image of ghetto Jews (ghetto types), which from then on constituted a hindrance on the way to national mobilisation and thus a target of Zionist criticism. He was an element embodying exile, wandering, discrimination, persecution, internal degeneration, social pathology and mental deviation, existential inertia and physiognomic grotesque. In contrast, Herzl’s portrait was to be a manifesto repudiation of these negative encumbrances (visual ones included) and a guideline for new Zionist ideals, which responded with Baal Teshuva – the Jew returning to the Promised Land.
Copyright (c) 2012 Artur Kamczycki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Racism and violence. The image of a colonised human in the eyes of Frantz Fanon and Enrique Dussel ..
Colonialism left a singular mark on the fates of the world. The condition of the societies inhabiting the former European colonies is a direct outcome of the contactEurope– the rest of the world, which, although setting out from commendable premises and lofty ideas (civilising the “savages”, Christianization, bringing aid), had a darker side as well. First and foremost, the latter encompasses two phenomena of power: racism and violence. The author of the article, through the analysis of the works of Frantz Fanon and Enrique Dussel demonstrates how the French and the Spaniards, in referring to both of these categories, attempted to build their colonial societies with all related consequences. Fanon, describing colonisation as a phenomenon of violence saw its core precisely in racism. The Martinique-born researcher demonstrates how the French claimed the right to represent indigenous cultures in its overseas colonies and departments, especially in theAntilles. In this context, the author of the article placed a particular emphasis on studying the phenomenon of two worlds – the white and the black one – as Fanon puts it. The matter in question are the mechanisms by means of which a white European created a black skinned person, causing the latter to desire to become a “new white” by renouncing their race. The author argues that the French, in colonising, as it were, “through the body”, induced a singular suspended intercultural state between the European and the native. In turn, the reference to the works of Dussel’s demonstrates that in 1492Americawas “covered” byEurope, which at the time was embodied by the Spaniards. Thus the whole project of colonisingAmericawas founded on the so-called myth of modernity, which made the victims (the pre-Columbian peoples) into the guilty ones, while the persecutors who proceeded with violence (the Spaniards) were innocent. The author analyses the arguments which in the opinion of the Argentinian-Mexican philosopher the Spaniards employed to describe and classify the New World (evangelization, the concept of America as the utopia of Europe, the concept of the just war etc. ) and which were largely nothing else than justification of the phenomenon of violence that the Europeans administered to the non-European cultures. In the conclusion, the author attempted a comparison of the Spanish and the French visions of colonisation, particularly in view of how the societies of Latin America and francophoneAfricacome to terms with their post-coloniality.
From alienation to acceptance. Anti-Semitism - anti-Judaism - anti-Jewishness - anti-Zionism
This presentation concerns the problem of the social withdrawal of the Jews in other communities both now and in the past. The life in the diaspora brought about a certain amount of tension conditioned by economic, political, social, moral, national or religious factors. There emerged various attitudes of non-Jews towards the Jews customarily called anti-Semitism, anti-Judaism, anti-Jewishness as well as anti-Zionism. All the aforementioned phenomena have common grounds: such was the price of constructing, protecting, preserving and developing one’s identity in a strange community. There are, however, essential differences between these phenomena and this is usually forgotten. Consequently, any attempt at subsuming all of them under the term ‘anti-Semitism’ is unfounded and unjustifiable. The presentation aims first and foremost at characterising the above phenomena and particularly the differences and similarities between them as this affects their proper understanding and evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2012 Waldemar Szczerbiński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polish attitude towards H1N1 pandemic and WHO’s credibility in the context of bioterrorist threats
The aim of the article is to analyse Polish stance on the H1N1 of 2009 and 2010, which was completely inconsistent with WHO’s official guidelines. Faced with a possible bioterrorist threat it is inexpedient to question the credibility of organisations such as WHO. Yet on the other hand, WHO should also develop better understanding and relationships with the governments but most of all strive for the best possible transparency of its actions.
Copyright (c) 2012 Maciej Milczanowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The article deals with the cultural and contextual complexity of the modern and postmodern figure of the cyborg, or rather the human relation to technology. The main problem is the formulation of the scope of the aesthetics of techno-bodies or aesthetic of artificial bodies. it is a contribution to a more extensive problem concerning the aesthetics, condition and possibilities of development of contemporary human who enters more and more intensively and further and further into the postbiological era.
Copyright (c) 2012 Grażyna Gajewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"And if things got perverted a little, what then?” Homoeroticism of male literary characters in selected works of polish prose writers
The structuralist resignation of drawing on the biography of authors when attempting to analyse their work, which persisted until 1970s, stood in the way of extracting content concealed there, content which thus far had been considered absent. The return to biographism as a research method, permitting to read literary fiction by referring to the facts from writer’s life, became a key which made it possible to discover manifestations of homoerotic fascination in a part of Polish 20th century literature.
Copyright (c) 2012 Sabina Jadowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
La traducción en el sistema literario vasco: El caso de la Literatura Infantil y Juvenil traducida a la lengua vasca
The paper offers an analysis of translation trends in a new context, namely in Basque translations of literature for children and the young. Having introduced the Basque country and its particular language, as well as having presented methodological goals, the author embarks on an analysis of a corpus of relevant translations, introducing a division into three periods: 1876-1936, 1936-1975 and 1976-2010. On the one hand, the authors examines the functions that the discussed texts perform, as they are supposed to complement and modernise the target literature. On the other, one analyses the influences developed by the imported literature in the target body of texts: the contribution of new literary genres and motifs, as well as literary techniques which thus far had not been employed. Finally, the author presents the most outstanding translation strategies: the rules governing translation into Basque, adaptations made with regard to style, ideological and educational goals as well as culture.
Copyright (c) 2012 José Manuel López Gaseni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The article presents the ideas of albert camus in the perspective of philosophy of existence. The task is to show, that the work of the writer can be interpreted as a valuable, deeply philosophical point of view on life.
Copyright (c) 2012 Tomasz Błaszczyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2012 Piotr Jóźwiak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theodulf of Orlean’s (750/760–821) fascination with the Classics. reflections based on “Versus contra iudices”
Theodulf of Orleansmay easily be called an arch-Christian eulogist of the antique heritage. His legacy is replete with classical influences. The emulation of the antique which may be noticed with the Visigoth scholar was nevertheless in line with the deliberately adopted method stemming from the Augustan programme. The exceptional aptitude of the poet combined with the skill of commanding language to his needs allowed him to create highly diverse and unconstrained literary pieces, where the reader finds combinations of elements taken from classical culture with the articles of faith and piety, occurring without conflict and artificiality but in harmony. “Versus contra iudices” proves that Theodulf was a master at composing anecdotal coincidence of two worlds and simultaneously, two sensitivities as well. Thanks to the gifted Visigoth, myth and classical tradition became something in the way of early medieval philosophia moralis.
Copyright (c) 2012 Małgorzata Chudzikowska-Wołoszy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antiquity in the Anglo-norman literature of the 12th century
The aim of the article is to present a new phenomenon in medieval culture, namely the appearance of versions of ancient narratives, delivered in old French, in the circles of anglo-norman culture. Their appearance is a response to the need to elevate the prestige of monarchy and introducing new, lay knightly elites into the circles of the higher culture.
Copyright (c) 2012 Maciej Abramowicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antiquity in the “Polish Chronicle” of Anonymous so-called Gallus and in the “transiation of St. Nicholas” of the so-called Monk of Lido as a research problem
In the article, i examine the theoretical and practical possibilities of comparative analysis of Latin medieval texts. Such analysis should enable them to be situated in the context of their contemporary writings and the texts from earlier periods which featured on their literary horizon.
Hector on Iceland — the Trojan story in old Icelandic sources, or how Snnori Sturlson included Scandinavians in the antique heritage
The paper acquaints Polish readers with how Snorri Sturluson used the Trojan myth in his Edda; developing his version of it in the Prologue and using it as a frame story of Gylfaginning. The paper shows the medieval reception of the Trojan myth (Dictys, Dares), the background of Trojan myth inIceland (Trojumanna saga, Bretta sogur), and medieval strategies of using theTroymyth to demonstrate ancient origins of own nations, which, in emulation of the Romans was done by the Franks and the Britons. Snorri employs this myth for the sake of Scandinavians, developing euhemeristic story about the Æsir showing them as clever people fromTroy. To him it was rather a tool to underline the ancient descent of Scandinavian elites, a trick giving him the reason to write a long text about Old Norse paganism in Christian setting. For the author of the paper Snorri is undoubtedly the author of the Prologue. Some Frankish influence is suspected to be among the sources for his tale ofTroy.
Copyright (c) 2012 Leszek Słupecki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sprawozdanie z XVI Europejskiej Konferencji Majologicznej (European Maya Conference, EMC), Kopenhaga, 5–10.12. 2011
Copyright (c) 2012 Kajetan Jagodziński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Roma triumphans and parthia capta on the arch of septimius severus in Rome
The undertaken deliberations concern the so-called triumphal frieze on the Arch of septimius severus in Rome. They are situated on two fundamental planes: the relationship of the relief ’s content with the history of the times of septimius severus and the relationship of the motifs depicted on the relief with the Roman iconographic tradition.
Copyright (c) 2012 Agata Kluczek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The hasmonean royal tombs in Modi’in. The greco-roman patterns and jewish art in the second temple period
The focus of this paper will be on reception of the greco-roman art by Jews of the late second temple period, from the Hasmonean time (second century b.c.e.) to the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in 70 c.e. in this period, we see the changing relationship between art and Judaism and the Jewish perception of the greco-roman architectural and artistic patterns. The Hasmonean royal tombs in Modi’in in israel, existing only in the writings of ancient authors, are reflective of the shifting boundary between art and idolatry within Jews situated themselves in greco-roman culture.
Copyright (c) 2012 Magdalena Maciudzińska-Kamczycka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The beginnings of the holy Cross Church in Gniezno
The article discusses the beginnings of the holy cross church in Gniezno. among other things, it addresses the questions of the founder, the date the temple was granted to the holy sepulchre order and the characteristics of the settlement where it was erected.
Copyright (c) 2012 Michał Muraszko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Le Grand Tour du dernier élu de Pologne. Chez Madame Geoffrin (1753–1754
The Grand Tour of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski has so far been an integral element in all biographies devoted to the last king of thePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth. However, without no attention has been paid to the visit of the young Polish nobleman in the salon of the famed Madame Geoffrin, the best known French friend and confidante of the king. The well-known memoirs of the ruler and the relatively unknown correspondence between young Poniatowski and a friend, August Sułkowski, which has survived until today in the collection of the Library of Dukes Czartoryski in Cracow, offers an insight into the impressions and reflections that the future king had during the period of his youth spent in Paris. The travel acrossWestern Europe, which was the custom among young noblemen, had also been a part of Poniatowski’s experience. His parents sent him on his bachelor tour to the neighbouring German countries, and then on to theNetherlands,Franceand eventuallyEngland. The observations made by the young Poniatowski during that time exerted a substanstial impact on the future king’s view of the world. In particular, comparing the affluent and prosperous Western states with the deteriorated and backward Commonwealth left a mark to which the memoirs bear a testimony even today. The rich and well-developed commerce ofAmsterdamor the imposing political culture of the Brits made a gerat impression on the young traveller. Nevertheless, it was the sejour inFrance, under the roof of a former friend of castellan Poniatowski, that proved most influential with regard to his tastes and interests. The acquaintance with the renown Madame Geoffrin, who hosted a greatly successful literary salon in the street of Saint-Honoré inParisenabled the young Pole to enter the world of French elites and learn about the mechanism which governed the French literary republic. In his correspondence with August Sułkowski, Poniatowski would describe his first impressions from the French capital, his first successes and failures as well as general remarks on the life of the French elite or the court in Versailles. His stay had also registered positively in the memories of the people he met, who remembered him in a most favourable manner. TheParisperiod in the life of Stanisław August gave him the lasting friendship with Madame Geoffrin, who remained king’s confidante until her death in 1777.
Copyright (c) 2012 Jakub Bajer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“The Archeological” collection of Konstanty Świdziński
The aim of this work is to present the person and the collecting passing of a 19th century Polish landowner Konstanty Świdziński. The chief subject of the deliberations is a part of the collection he amassed, which at the time was called “archaeological”, and comprised, apart from strictly archaeological items, also specimens of handicraft, militaria and sculptures. The article lists the most important exhibits of the collection, known from archival sources and 19th century publications.
Copyright (c) 2012 Katarzyna Ryszewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Migration of the PoLish Peasants from the Kingdom of Poland to Siberia after agrarian reform of Pyotr Stolypin
The article addresses the issue of migration of polish populace to Siberia in the 19th century, mainly from the kingdom and Galicia. The analysis is based on Russian archive material and the papers of the kingdom of Poland.
Copyright (c) 2012 Sergiusz Leończyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The article presents the political profile of the German writer and Nobel prize winner, Günter Grass, and the singular nature of his involvement in German political life. Grass’s views, albeit internally inconsistent, had been comprehensible until the Unification of Germany, while his political activity strove do defend such values as liberty, democracy and moderation. After the unification, of which he had been an adversary, Grass began to speak in ever more controversial tones, and his views seem to clash more and more profoundly with what he had formerly advocated.
Copyright (c) 2012 Maria Tomczak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0