Keywords
animal ethics
posthumanism
transplantation
Number of views: 542
Number of downloads: 411
Abstract
Human dreams of a long and healthy life are becoming increasingly real. The advancement of medical technology allows to modify the genome or personalised therapy in order to avoid troublesome side effects. This process also leads to the blurring of boundaries between humans and animals. Rats with induced human diseases are used for testing drugs for incurable illness; humanised pigs can donate organs that are compatible with the genome and immune system of the recipient. A brave new human is approaching, and new “human” animals are making this possible. The main objective of the article is to show the differences between the refinement of people and other animals and to analyse this phenomenon from an ethical point of view.
References
Bakke, Monika. 2010. Bio-transfiguracje. Sztuka i estetyka posthumanizmu. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
Banaszak, Grzegorz and Jerzy Kmita. 1994, Społeczno-regulacyjna koncepcja kultury. Warszawa: Instytut Kultury.
Baum, Ewa. 2017 Jakość życia chorych poddawanych terapii nerkozastępczej. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Poznaniu.
Baum, Ewa and Jadwiga Wiertlewska–Bielarz. 2012. „Z czyjej perspektywy dyskutować o legalizacji handlu narządami?” Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria 2(82): 141-150.
Bohatyrewicz, Romuald. 1991. „Zagadnienia towarzyszące przeszczepianiu narządów.“ XXXI Anestezjologia Intensywna Terapia. Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Terapii, 1, suplement I.
Borowiec, Tomasz. 2019. Ksenotransplantacje aspekty prawne i etyczne. Warszawa: Diffin.
Braidotti, Rosi. 2006. “Posthuman, All Too Human. Towards a New Process Ontology.” Theory, Culture & Society 23(7–8): 197–208. Retrieved August 10, 2019 (http://tcs.sagepub.com/ content/23/7-8/197.full.pdf+html).
Chyrowicz, Barbara, ed. 2011. Transplantacje: spór o dar. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II.
Crutzen, Paul. 2002. “Geology of mankind.” Nature 415(23): 6867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/415023a
Cyranowski, David. 2019. „Japan approves first human-animal embryo experiments.” Nature 26.07. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-02275-3
Daar, Abdallah. 1999. “Animal-to-human organ transplants – a solution or a new problem?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77(1): 54-61.
Ellis, Erle. 2018. Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ericsson, Aaron C., Marcus Crim and Franklin Craig. 2013. „Brief History of Animal Modeling.“ Missouru Medicine 110(3): 201–205.
Forabosco, Flavio, Mare Löhmus, Lotta Rydhmer and Fred Sundström. 2013. “Genetically modified farm animals and fish in agriculture: A review.” Livestock Science 153(1–3): 1–9.
Habermas, Jurgen. 2003. Przyszłość natury ludzkiej. Warszawa: Scholar.
Haraway, Donna. 1997. Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©_ Meets_OncomouseTM. London–New York: Routledge.
Humanity+. 1998. “Transhuman Declaration.” Retrieved August 10, 2019 (https://humanityplus.org/philosophy/transhumanist-declaration).
Kniaź, Grzegorz. 2005. „Kościół a transplantacja.” Skwierzyna Broszura Stowarzyszenia Życie po przeszczepie.
Kościelniak, Piotr. 2005. „Transgeniczne wnuki.” Rzeczpospolita 6 December.
Leasure, Douglas. 2013. “The House Sparrow Passer domesticus decline: conservation tools emerge from a contrasting North American perspective.” Indian BIRDS 8 (1): 22-23.
Lancaster, Henry. 1990. Expectations of Life. A Study in the Demography, Statistics, and History of World Mortality. New York: SPRINGER.
Lewis, Simon and Mark Maslin. 2015. “Defining the Anthropocene.” Nature 519:171–180.
Loba, Mirosław. 1999. „O śmierci podmiotu trzydzieści lat później” in Człowiek i rzecz. O problemach reifikacji w literaturze i sztuce, edited by S. Wysłouch and B. Kaniewska. Poznań: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne.
Malm, Andreas and Alf Hornborg. 2014. “The geology of mankind? A critique of the Anthropocene narrative.” The Anthropocene Review 1(1): 62-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019613516291
Mamzer, Hanna. 2016. Pojecie dobrostanu zwierząt jako kategoria transgraniczna, Poznańskie Zeszyty Humanistyczne XXIX: 8-17.
Marchowski, Domikik. 2015. Ptaki Polski. Kompletna lista 450 stwierdzonych gatunków. Warszawa: SBM.
Meera, Subramanina. 2019. “Anthropocene now: Influential panel votes to recognize Earth’s new epoch.” Nature May 21. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-01641-5
Mephan, Ben. 2008. Bioetyka. Warszawa: PWN.
Miś, Andrzej. 1994. „O genezie współczesnego antyhumanizmu.” Pp. 51-63 in Derridiana, edited by B. Banasiak. Kraków: Inter Esse.
Peta. 2019. “Factory Farming: Misery for Animals.” Retrieved 10, August 2019 (https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/).
Hosie, Rachel. 2017. “Inherent abuse and cruelty is standard industry practice.” Independent, 4 January.
Platon. 2003. Państwo. Kęty: Antyk.
Rowiński, Wojciech, Janusz Wałaszewski and Leszek Pączek, eds. 2004. Transplantologia kliniczna. Warszawa: Termedia.
Smorąg, Zdzisław. 2016. „Biotechnologiczne, prawno-organizacyjne i etyczne aspekty ksenotransplantacji.” Biotechnologia 1(72): 103-109.
Smorąg, Zdzisław and Ryszard Słomski. 2005. „Ksenortansplantacja – możliwości i ograniczenia.” Nauka 4/2005: 133-148.
Smorąg, Zdzisław, Ryszard Słomski, Jacek Jura, Daniel Lipiński, and Maria Skrzyszowska. 2011. „Transgeniczne świnie jako dawcy tkanek i narządów do transplantacji u ludzi.” Przegląd Hodowlany 79(11): 1-4.
Steffen, Will, Jacquese Grinevald, Paul Crutzen, and John McNeill. 2011. “The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369(1938): 842–867.
Stomma, Ludwik. 2008. A jeśli było inaczej... Antropologia historii. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Sens.
Squier, Susan M. 2004. Liminal Lives: Imagining the Human at the Frontiers of Biomedicine. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Szewczyk, Kazimierz. 2009. Bioetyka. Pacjent w systemie opieki zdrowotnej. Warszawa: PWN.
Tilney, L. Nicholas. 2009. Przeszczep: od mitów do rzeczywistości. Warszawa: Medical Science International.
Tucker, Ian. 2018. “Genetically modified animals.” The Guardian. Retrieved July 3 2019.
Umana, Hernando R. 1995. “Grafting of bone from dog into the human skull: a historical note.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 96(6): 1481.
Waters, Colin N. et al. 2016. “The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene.” Science 351(6269). DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2622
Vignieri, Sacha. 2014. “Vanishing fauna.” Science 354(6195): 392-395. DOI: 10.1126/science.345.6195.392
Zalasiewicz, Jan, Mark Williams, Will Steffen and Paul Crutzen. 2010. “The New World of the Anthropocene.” Environmental Science & Technology 44(7): 2228-2231.
Żok, Agieszka and Ewa Baum. 2018. “Eugenics in the Polish context: from racial hygiene to new genetics.” Pp. 490-497 in Understanding Central Europe, edited by M. Moskalewicz and W. Przybylski. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Żok, Agnieszka. 2019. „Bezpieczeństwo czy zniewolenie zwierząt labolatoryjnych. Czy istnieje etyka badań prowadzonych na zwierzętach.” Pp. 61-72 in Bezpieczne czy zniewolone. Szkice o zwierzętach, edited by H. Mamzer and A. Żok. Bydgoszcz: Epigram.
Żok, Agnieszka. 2018. „Troska czy opresja – współczesny dyskurs genetyczny w kontekście myśli transhumanistycznej.” Etyka 57: 87-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14394/37.
License
Manuscript authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions for any copyrighted materials included within manuscripts. The authors must provide permission letters, when appropriate, to the Society Register Editors.
In addition, all published papers in Society Register are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern CC BY-NC 4.0 as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.