Abstract
The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is a particular and rare situation. COVID-19 has affected and is likely to affect people from many countries, in many geographical locations. We are in the midst of a worldwide pandemic, with cities and even entire countries shutting down. The coronavirus has affected nearly every aspect of our lives, from school to work, to sports, to where we eat and what we do. All these changes affected people physically, but also psychologically. It is understandable that during times like this, people may be feeling afraid, worried, anxious, and depressed due to the constantly changing alerts and media coverage regarding the spread of the virus. Hence, the main aim of our paper is to explore the linkage between the coronavirus COVID-19 disease and mental health conditions, such as stress, anxiety and depression. Everyone may experience fear of the consequences of the infection with a potentially fatal new virus, and might experience mental stress, anxiety, loneliness, depression. Based on experience from past global serious viral experiences, the development and implementation of mental health assessment, support, treatment, and services are crucial and pressing goals for the health response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Human beings have an incredible ability to adapt and survive, through altruistic and co-operative means. So for each one of us is important to look after ourselves and each other.
References
American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Attkisson, Clifford C. and Jane M. Zich. 1990. “Depression screening in primary care: Clinical needs and research challenges.” Pp. 3-11 in Depression in primary care: Screening and detection, edited by C. C. Attkinson and J. M. Zich. New York: Routledge.
Barlow, David H. 2001. Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.
Barlow, David H. and Michelle G. Craske. 2000. Mastery of your anxiety and panic. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Basco, Monica R., Stewen R. Krebaum, and John A. Rush. 1997. “Outcome measures of depression.” Pp. 191-198 in Measuring patient changes in mood, anxiety, and personality disorders: Toward a core battery, edited by H. H. Strupp, L. M. Horowitz, and M. J. Lumbert. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Battegay, Manuel, Richard Kuehl, Sutter Tschudin-Sutter, Hans H. Hirsch, and Richard Neher. 2020. “2019-Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Estimating the case fatality rate-a word of caution.” Swiss Medicine Weekly 14-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20203.
Beck, Gavie J. and Denise M. Sloan. 2012. “A comprehensive overview of treatment, stress disorders, ranging from diagnosis and etiology to assessment and management.” Pp. 245-265 in The Oxford Handbook of Traumatic Stress Disorder, edited by D. M. Sloan. Oxford: OUP.
BlaunchardErick R. and Timothy C. Buckley. 1999. “Psychophysiological assessmentof posttraumatic stress disorders.” Pp. 248-266 in Posttraumatic stress disorder: A comprehensive text, edited by P. A. Saigh and J. D. Bremmer. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Blazer, G. Dan, Dana Hughes, and Linda K. George. 2016. “Stressful life events and the onset of generalized anxiety disorder syndrome.” American Journal of Psychiatry 144:1178-1183.
Borkovec, D. Thomas. 1994. “The nature, functions, and origins of worry.” Pp. 5-34 in Worrying; Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment, edited by G. Davey and F. Tallis. New York: Wiley.
Brown, Timothy A. and David H. Barlow. 2001. “Generalized anxiety disorder.” Pp. 137-182 in Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual, edited by D. H. Barlow. New York: Guilford Press.
Bystritsky, Alexander, Sahib S. Khatsa, Michael E. Cameron, and Jason Schiffman. 2013. “Current diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 30(1):30-38.
Chan-Yeung, Moira and Xu Rui-Heng. 2003. “SARS: Epidemiology.” Respirology 8(1): 9–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x.
Coughlin, Steven A. 2012. Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic health condition. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Coughlin, Steven A. 2011. “Post-traumatic stress disorder and the care of persons living with HIV/AIDS.” The Open Health Services and Policy Journal 4:39-41.
De Wit, Emmie, Neelitje Van Doremalen, Darryl Falzarano, and Vincet J. Munster. 2016. “SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses.” Natural Review of Microbiology 14(8):523-534.
Folkman, Susan and Steven Greer. 2000. “Promoting psychological well-being in the face of serious illness: when theory, research and practice inform each other.” Psycho-oncology 9:11-19.
Hajjar, Sami A, Ziad A. Memish, and Kenneth Mcintosh. 2013. “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): A Perpetual Challenge.” Annals of Saudi Medicine 33(5): 427–436.
Heymann, L. David. 2008.Control of Communicable Diseases. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
Huang, Chaolin, Yeming Wang Lili Ren, Jiaping Zhao, and Yl Hu. 2020. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.” Lancet 295(10223): 497-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Hung, Lee Shiu. 2003. “The SARS Epidemic in Hong Kong: What Lessons Have We Learned?” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 96(8): 374–78. DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.96.8.374.
Jiang, Fang, Liehua Deng, Liangging Zhang, Chi Cheung, and Zhengyan Xia. 2020. “Review of clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).” Journal of General Internal Medicine. Retrieved March 4, 2020 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w).
Lee, Man, Clive Wong, and Greinne McAlonan. 2007. “Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52: 233-240.
Keane, Terence, Bureau F. Weathers, and Everette B Fox. 2000. “Diagnosis and assessment.” Pp. 176-192 in Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Study, edited by E. B. Fox, T. Keane and M. J. Friedman. New York: Guildford Press.
Kinderman, Peter. 2020. “Looking after your mental health during COVID-19.” Retrieved March 20, 2020 (https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/institute-of-life-sciences/staff/peter-kinderman).
Kluge, Hans Henri P. 2020. “Physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic.” Retrieved 26 March, 2020 (http://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/regional-director/statements/statement-physical-and-mentalhealth-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic).
Mason, Lisa H., Michael J. Mathews, and Dong Y. Han. 2013. “Neuropsychiatric symptom assessments in toxic exposure.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 36:201–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.02.001
Nanshon, Chen, Zhou Min, Dong Huan, Qu Jieming, Gong Fengjyum, and Han Yang. 2020. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.” Lancet January 30, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. 2020. “Vital surveillances: The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-2019)-China.” China CDC Weekly 2(8):113-118. Retrieved February 20, 2020 (http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id//e53946e3-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f5).
Pierini David, and Alexa Stuifbergen. 2010. “Psychological resilience and depressive symptoms in older adults diagnosed with post-polio syndrome.” Rehabilitation Nursing Journal 35:167–75.
Phan, Lan T., Thuong V. Nguyen, Quang C. Luong, Think V. Nguyen, and Hiew T. Nguyen. 2020. “Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus to Vietnam.” New England Journal of Medicine 382:872-876.
Prince, Martin, Vikram Patel, Shekhar Saxena, Mario Maj, Joanna Maselko, Michael R. Phillips, and Atif Rahman. 2007. “No health without mental health.” Lancet 70(9590): 859-877.
Rothe, Camilla, Mirjam Schunk, Peter Sothman, Gisela Bretzel, Guenter Proeschl, Claudia Wallrauch, Thorbjorn Zimmer, Verena Thiel, and Cristian Janke. 2020. “Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany.” New England Journal of Medicine 382: 370:371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc20001468
Sandman, Peter M. and Jody Lanard. 2005. “Bird Flu: Communicating the risk: Perspectives in health, the magazine of the Pan American Health Organization.” Health Promotion Practice 9(4): 54-59.
Schuster, Randi, Marina Bornovalova, and Evan Hunt. 2012. “The influence of depression on the progression of HIV: direct and indirect effects.” Behavioral Medicine 36:123-145.
Schnurr, Paula P. and Robert L. Green. 2004. “Understanding relationship among trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and health outcomes.” Adverse Mind Body Medicine 20:18-29.
Wan, Yushun, Jian Shang, Rachel Graham, Ralph S. Barie, and Fang Li. 2020. “Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS.” Journal of Virology 94(7): forthcoming.
Wang, Chen, Peter W. Horby, Frederich G. Hayden, and George F. Gao. 2020. “A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern.” Lancet 395(10223): 470-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736/20/30185-9
Weshling, Nang, Xu Yauli, Gao Ruqin, Lu Roujlan, Horn kai, Wu Guizten, and Tan Wenjie. 2020. “Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens.” JAMA March 11, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786
Wittchen, Hans U. and Jurgen Hoyer. 2001. “Generalized anxiety disorder: Nature and course.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62(11):15–19. World Health Organization. 2020. “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak.” Western Pacifik. Retrieved March 29, 2020 (https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19).
Worldometer. 2020. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved March 31, 2020 (https://www.worlddometer-info-coronavirus pandemic).
Zunyou, Wu and Jeniffer M. McGoogan. 2020. “Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China.” JAMA. Retrieved February 24, 2020 (http://vproxy.ws/?cdURL=aHR0cHM6Ly9qYW1hbmV0d29yay5jb20vam91cm5hbHMvamFtYS9mdWxsYXJ0aWNsZS8yNzYyMTMw). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648)
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Society Register
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Manuscript authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions for any copyrighted materials included within manuscripts. The authors must provide permission letters, when appropriate, to the Society Register Editors.
In addition, all published papers in Society Register are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern CC BY-NC 4.0 as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.