Abstract
The cult of a slim and beautiful body is no longer characteristic only for women. The male body is becoming more frequently subjected to the pressure of modelling. The use of different regimes increasingly intends to fulfil the requirements of attractiveness and physical perfection, also among men and boys. The discourse of disciplining the male body and its expectations also influence socially acceptable ways of performing gender. Employing a qualitative analysis of bodybuilding motivational films’ content, the author points out the key elements of the body project image in such materials. The possibility of identifying bodybuilders with experts in body modification, resulting from the specificity of the discipline, allows one to believe that the regimes and training tools presented by them can influence the perception of the body modelling process by men. The author presents four elements used to develop an image of the male body project – (1) conditions necessary for the project, (2) tools used in the project, (3) ways of controlling and evaluating the project, (4) side effects of the project. Based on them demonstrates how motivational bodybuilding films can affect changing ways of performing masculinity.
References
Arcimowicz, Krzysztof. 2015. “Współczesny ideał męskiego ciała – wybrane aspekty problematyki.” Folia Sociologica 55: 57–76.
Baudrillard, Jean. 1983. Simulacra and Simulation. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Berggren, Kalle. 2014. “Sticky Masculinity: Post-structuralism, Phenomenology and Subjectivity in Critical Studies on Men.” Men and Masculinities 17(3): 1–22.
Bowman, Paul. 2020. “In toxic hating masculinity: MMA hard men and media representation.” Sport in History 40(3): 395–410.
Bridges, Tristan S. 2009. “Gender Capital and Male Bodybuilders.” Body & Society 15(1): 83–107.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. Abingdon: Routledge.
Connell, Raewyn W. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Deutsch, Francine M. 2007. “Undoing gender.” Gender and Society 21: 106–127.
Dziuban, Agata. 2013. Gry z tożsamością. Tatuowanie ciała w indywidualizującym się społeczeństwie polskim. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika.
Foucault, Michel. 1990. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, The Will to Knowledge. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Giddens, Anthony. 2001. Nowoczesność i tożsamość. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Liokafto, Dimitris. 2017. A genealogy of male bodybuilding: from classical to freaky. New York: Routledge.
Maciejewska, Tatiana. 2014. „Siłownia jako miejsce konstruowania męskiej tożsamości cielesnej.” Ars Educandi 11: 79–95.
Majer, Anna. 2016. Dyskurs dyscyplinowania męskiego ciała w wybranych tekstach kultury popularnej. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Katedra.
Richardson, Niall. 2012a. “What is the ‘Practice’ of Bodybuilding?” Pp. 21–29 in Critical Readings in Bodybuilding, edited by A. Locks and N. Richardson. New York: Routledge.
Richardson, Niall. 2012b. “Bodybuilding as Representation.” Pp. 143–151 in Critical Readings in Bodybuilding, edited by A. Locks and N. Richardson. New York: Routledge.
Shilling, Chris. 2003. The Body and Social Theory. London: Sage.
Staniec-Januszek, Ewa. 2019. „Zastosowania nowoczesnej biotechnologii z perspektywy ciała jako projektu.” Rozprawy Społeczne 13(2): 129–141.
West, Candace & Don H. Zimmerman. 1987. “Doing Gender.” Gender and Society 1(2): 125–151.
Wolf, Naomi. 2014. Mit urody. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca.
License
Manuscript authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions for any copyrighted materials included within manuscripts. The authors must provide permission letters, when appropriate, to the Society Register Editors.
In addition, all published papers in Society Register are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern CC BY-NC 4.0 as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.