Abstract
The article aims to analyze how the Hungarian myths of (Central Asian) origin and other Turanist narratives are instrumentalized by the Hungarian government for political purposes. The research focuses on Hungarian political discourses of the Fidesz government between 2010 and 2022, which reflect the use of Turanist myths as part of a political strategy. The article’s central question is how and for what purposes national myths of origin and the idea of Turanism are instrumentalized in contemporary political discourse in Hungary. More specifically, the article examines how Turanist narratives interact with other memory discourses in Hungary, and what the functions of the political myth of Turanism are in the Hungarian government’s discourse. The study engages with the theoretical background and conceptual framework of politics of memory and political myth, and it aims to contribute to the general analysis of the emergence of political myths and their functions in politics.
Funding
Part of the material analyzed in this study was collected as part of the Horizon 2020 research project POPREBEL – Populist Rebellion Against Modernity in 21st-Century Eastern Europe: Neo-Traditionalism and Neo-Feudalism (Grant Agreement ID: 822682). The article reflects the author’s own views.
References
Ágh, A. (2016). Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary: The Politics of Historical Memory in East-Central Europe. Polish Political Science Yearbook, 45(1), 32-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2016003
Ablonczy, B. (2016). Keletre magyar! A magyar turanizmus története. Budapest: Jaffa Kiadó.
English edition: Ablonczy, B. (2022). Go East!: A History of Hungarian Turanism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21r3q9j
Ablonczy, Balázs. (2021). Hungarian Turanism: Eurasianism à la hongroise?. In G. Diesen & A. Lukin (Eds.), The Return of Eurasia: Continuity and Change (pp. 225-249). Singapore: Springer Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2179-6_8
Ablonczy, B. & Borbás, B. (Eds.) (2024). Eltagadott igazság: Tények és hazugságok a magyarság őstörténetéről. Budapest: Válasz Online.
Akçalı, E. & Korkut, U. (2012). Geographical Metanarratives in East-Central Europe: Neo-Turanism in Hungary. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(5), 596-614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.53.5.596
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Balogh, P. (2022). Clashing geopolitical self-images? The strange co-existence of Christian bulwark and Eurasianism (Turanism) in Hungary. Eurasian geography and economics, 63(6), 726-752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1779772
Bell, D. S. (2003). Mythscapes: memory, mythology, and national identity. The British Journal of Sociology, 54(1), 63-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131032000045905
Benazzo, S. (2017). Not All the Past Needs To Be Used: Features of Fidesz’s Politics of Memory. Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics, 11(2), 198-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0009
Bernhard, M. H. & Kubik, J. (Eds.) (2016). Twenty years after communism: The politics of memory and commemoration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bouchard, G. (2017). Social myths and collective imaginaries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442625730
Bottici, C. (2007). A philosophy of political myth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511498626
Buyuk, H. F. (2019, October 22). Orban enlists Turkic states in fight against liberal democracy. Balkan Insight. Retrieved from https://balkaninsight.com/2019/10/22/orban-enlists-turkic-states-in-fight-against-liberal-democracy/
Chlup, R. (2020). Competing myths of Czech identity. New Perspectives. Interdisciplinary Journal of Central & East European Politics and International Relations, 28(2), 179-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X20911817
Farkas, I. (1993). A turánizmus. Magyar tudomány, 154(7), 860-868.
Feischmidt, M. (2020). Memory-politics and neonationalism: Trianon as mythomoteur. Nationalities Papers, 48(1), 130-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2018.72
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung–Political Capital. (2019). Nemzettudat, identitáspolitika és nemzetpolitika a mai Magyarországon. Retrieved from https://www.politicalcapital.hu/pc-admin/source/documents/FES_Tanulmany_Identitas_191211.pdf
Greilinger, G. (2023). Hungary’s Eastern Opening Policy as a Long-Term Political-Economic Strategy. Austria institute fur Europa–und sicheheitspolitik. Retrieved from https://www.aies.at/download/2023/AIES-Fokus-2023-04.pdf
HVG.hu. (2020, June 25). Avítt, lapos, történelmet hamisít – Kiakadtak a magyar- és történelemtanárok az új NAT-hoz készült tankönyveken. HVG.hu. Retrieved from https://hvg.hu/itthon/20200625_Gyerek_nyelv_es_21szazad_ellenes__kiakadtak_a_magyar_es_tortenelemtanarok_az_uj_NAThoz_keszult_tankonyveken/
Hobsbawm, E. & Ranger, T. (Eds.) (1983). The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jacoby, W. & Korkut, U. (2016). Vulnerability and Economic Re-Orientation: Rhetoric and Reality in Hungary’s “Chinese Opening”. East European Politics and Societies, 30(3), 496-518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325415604355
Jaeger, E. (2019, June). Shift to the East? Hungary’s foreign policy in Central Asia under Viktor Orbán. In Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 174–184). Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.
Kenes, B. (2020). Jobbik: A Turanist Trojan Horse in Europe? (ECPS Party Profile Series 1). ECPS European Center for Populism Studies. Retrieved from https://www.populismstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ECPS-Party-Profile-Series-2.pdf
Kim, D. S. (2016). The rise of European right radicalism: The case of Jobbik. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 49(4), 345-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.08.001
Kolozsi, Á. (2020, October 11). Finnugorok helyett hun rokonságról tanulnak az ötödikesek. Telex. Retrieved from https://telex.hu/tudomany/2020/10/11/teherbe-eshet-aki-turullal-almodik/
Kołakowski, L. (1989). The presence of myth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226222257.001.0001
Kopyś, T. (2018). Polityka zagraniczna Węgier w latach 1867-1945. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Korkut, U. & Akçali, E. (2015). Deciphering Eurasianism in Hungary: Narratives, networks, and lifestyles. In M. Laruelle (Ed.), Eurasianism and the European far right: Reshaping the Europe–Russia relationship. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666993691.ch-8
Korkut, U. (2017). Resentment and Reorganization: Anti-Western Discourse and the Making of Eurasianism in Hungary. Acta Slavica Iaponica, 38, 71-90.
Kowalczyk, M. (2017). Hungarian Turanism. From the birth of the ideology to modernity–an Outline of the Problem. Historia i Polityka, 27(20), 43-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2017.011
Kurultaj. (2010a). Mi a Kurultáj? [Official Website of Kurultaj (HU)]. Retrieved from http://kurultaj.hu/kurultaj/
Kurultaj. (2010b). Brief History—2010 [Official Website of Kurultaj (EN)]. Retrieved from http://kurultaj.hu/english/
Kurultaj. (2020). Segítse Ön is nemzetünk múltjának feltárását! [Official Website of Kurultaj (HU)]. Retrieved from http://kurultaj.hu/2020/04/segitse-on-is-nemzetunk-multjanak-feltarasat-3/
Kürti, L. (2016). Nomadism and nostalgia in Hungary. In M. Palmberger & J. Tošić (Eds.), Memories on the move: Migration, diasporas, and citizenship (pp. 217-246). London: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57549-4_9
Lebow, R. N., Kansteiner, W., & Fogu, C. (2006). The politics of memory in postwar Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw204
Melegh, A. (2006). On the East-West slope: Globalization, nationalism, racism and discourses on Eastern Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003721109
Mende, B. G. (2018, June 18). A honfoglalók változatos genetikájú népességet alkottak, jelentős keleti gyökerekkel. Tudomány.hu. Retrieved from https://tudomany.hu/cikkek/a-honfoglalok-valtozatos-genetikaju-nepesseget-alkottak-jelentos-keleti-gyokerekkel-108814/
Meyer, E. (2008). Memory and politics. In A. Erll & A. Nünning (Eds.), Cultural memory studies: An international and interdisciplinary handbook (pp. 173-180). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110207262.3.173
Miklóssy, K. & Kangaspuro, M. (Eds.) (2022). Conservatism and memory politics in Russia and Eastern Europe. London, New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003251743
Moreh, C. (2016). The Asianization of national fantasies in Hungary: A critical analysis of political discourse. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 19(3), 341-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877915573781
Német, T. (2019, November 13). A Türk Tanács diplomáciai mentességgel költözött Budapestre. Index. Retrieved from https://index.hu/belfold/2019/11/13/a_turk_tanacs_diplomaciai_mentesseggel_koltozott_budapestre/
Pálffy, L. (2020, February 17). A szittya–hun–magyar rokonság folytonos. Magyar Hírlap. Retrieved from https://www.magyarhirlap.hu/kultura/20200217-a-szittya-hun-magyar-rokonsag-folytonos/
Pető, A. (2021). The Illiberal Memory Politics in Hungary. Journal of Genocide Research, 24(2), 241-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2021.1968150
Rácz, A. (2019, August 11). Kétes politikai sikerek, totális gazdasági kudarcok: A keleti nyitás valós mérlege. Válasz Online. Retrieved from https://www.valaszonline.hu/2019/08/11/keleti-nyitas-racz-andras-elemzes/
Renan, E. (1990). What is a nation? (Originally published 1882). In H. K. Bhabha (Ed.), Nation and narration (pp. 8-22). London: Routledge.
Schmidt, J. (1925). Turánizmus. Nyugat, 3(20), 197-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.20.2.197
Schöpflin, G. (1997). The function of myth and the taxonomy of myths. In G. Hosking & G. Schöpflin (Eds.), Myths and nationhood (pp. 19-35). London: Routledge.
Sierp, A. (2014). History, Memory, and Trans-European Identity: Unifying Divisions. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315766973
Smith, A. D. (1999). Myths and memories of the nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198295341.001.0001
Smith, A. D. (2000). National identity and the myths of ethnic descent. In J. Hutchinson & A. D. Smith (Eds.), Nationalism: Critical concepts in political science (pp. 57-95). London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198295341.003.0003
Smith, A. D. (2003). Chosen peoples: Sacred sources of national identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192100177.001.0001
Schmidt, A. & Glied, V. (2024). Pragmatic foreign policy of Hungary in the shadow of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 15, 247-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2024-SI12
Szendrei, L. (2010). A turanizmus. Máriabesenyő-Gödöllő: Attraktor.
Tismăneanu, V. (1998). Fantasies of salvation: Democracy, nationalism, and myth in post-communist Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400822508
Toomey, M. (2018). History, nationalism and democracy: myth and narrative in Viktor Orbán’s ‘Illiberal Hungary’. New Perspectives, 26(1), 87-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X1802600110
Törnquist-Plewa, B. & Kowalski, K. (2016). The Europeanization of Heritage and memories in Poland and Sweden. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press.
Türk, A. (2018, June 18). A magyarság korai története a régészet szemszögéből. Tudomány.hu. Retrieved from https://tudomany.hu/cikkek/a-magyarsag-korai-tortenete-a-regeszet-szemszogebol-108815/
Turkic Council. (n.d.). About Turkic Council [Turkic Council Official Website]. Retrieved from https://www.turkkon.org/en/turk-konseyi-hakkinda/
Vámbéry, Á. (1882). A magyarok eredete. Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia.
Végh, Z. (2015). Hungary’s “Eastern Opening” policy toward Russia: Ties that bind? International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 24(1-2), 51-72.
Verovšek, P. J. (2016). Collective memory, politics, and the influence of the past: The politics of memory as a research paradigm. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 4(3), 529-543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2016.1167094
Vona, G. (2021). Átokból áldás—A turanizmus üzenete a 21. században. Budapest: Vlog Influence Kft.
Quoted political speeches:
Kövér, L. (2018, August 13). “Áldás vezérelheti életünket” [Speech transcript]. Magyar Hírlap. Retrieved from https://www.magyarhirlap.hu/velemeny/Aldas_vezerelheti_eletunket/
Lezsák, S. (2020 , November, 10). “Sándor Lezsák’s speech at the “Magyar turkológia” international online conference” [Speech transcript]. Kurultaj.hu. Retrieved from http://kurultaj.hu/2020/11/magyar-ostortenet-kutatas-a-turkologia-hazai-megujulasaert/
OV 2015 H. Orbán, V. (2015, March 9). Hungarian foreign policy must adapt to a new world order [Speech transcript]. Official Website of Viktor Orbán. Retrieved from http://2010-2015.miniszterelnok.hu/beszed/uj_vilagrendhez_kell_alkalmazkodnia_a_magyar_kulpolitikanak
OV 2015 T. Orbán, V. (2015, April 1). Hungarian PM: We feel at home in Kazakhstan [Speech transcript]. Official Website of Viktor Orbán. Retrieved from https://www.inform.kz/en/hungarian-pm-we-feel-at-home-in-kazakhstan_a2761573
OV 2018 T. Orbán, V. (2018, September 3). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s speech at the 6th Summit of the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States [Speech transcript]. Official Website of Viktor Orbán. Retrieved from https://miniszterelnok.hu/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-speech-at-the-6th-summit-of-the-cooperation-council-of-turkic-speaking-states
OV 2018 EU. Orbán, V. (2018, September 11). The situation in Hungary [debate] [Speech transcript]. European Parliament Debate. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-8-2018-09-11-ITM-011_EN.html
OV 2020 H. Orbán, V. (2020, June 6). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Commemoration Speech [Speech transcript]. About Hungary. Retrieved from https://abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/primeminister-viktor-orbans-commemoration-speech-trianon
OV 2020 Hb. Orbán, V. (2020, June 12). Orbán: We are the last remnants of a once-existing steppe world [Speech transcript]. 444.hu. Retrieved from https://444.hu/2020/06/12/orban-egy-valaha-volt-sztyeppei-vilag-utolso-maradvanyai-vagyunk
OV 2020 Hc. Orbán, V. (2020, August 20). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s speech at the Memorial of Unity inauguration [Speech transcript]. Official Website of Viktor Orbán. Retrieved from https://2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/orban-viktor-beszede-az-osszetartozas-emlekhely-avatasan/
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rita Hornok

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Manuscript authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions for any copyrighted materials included within manuscripts. The authors must provide permission letters, when appropriate, to the Society Register Editors. In addition, all published papers in Society Register are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Authors retain copyright and publishing rights to their articles, granting the journal the right to distribute them under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern CC BY-NC 4.0 as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.
