Olga Kirsch se posisie in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem (1900-1978) / Olga Kirsch’s Position in the Afrikaans Literary System (1900-1978)
PDF

Keywords

Olga Kirsch
polysystem
networks
Social Network Analysis
Afrikaans literature

How to Cite

Senekal, B. (2014). Olga Kirsch se posisie in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem (1900-1978) / Olga Kirsch’s Position in the Afrikaans Literary System (1900-1978). Werkwinkel, 9(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.2478/werk-2014-0015

Abstract

Centrality and marginality are important concepts in polysystem theory, and also in network theory. This article examines Olga Kirsch’s position in the Afrikaans literary system by taking into account data spanning from 1900 to 1978. Overall centrality is discussed from the perspective of network theory and related to polysystem theory, and the concept is also applied to the literary system through the use of the Fruchterman and Reingold (1991) force-directed layout algorithm. It is indicated that Kirsch is positioned on the edge of the core or in the semicore, mainly because there are not so many people from the core who had paid attention to her works, but also because she, according to this data set, did not write on the works of others. It is also indicated which important critics, literary scholars and literary historians paid attention to her works, which contributes to her not being positioned on the periphery.

https://doi.org/10.2478/werk-2014-0015
PDF

References

Barabási, A.-L., en R. Albert. 1999. “Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks.” Science 286: 509-511.

Barabási, Albert-Lázló. 2011. “The Network Takeover.” Nature Physics 8 (1): 14-16.

Barnes, J., en P. Hut. 1986. “A Hierarchical O(n log n) Force-Calculation Algorithm.” Nature 324 (4): 446-449.

Bonacich, P. 1987. “Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures.” The American Journal of Sociology 92: 1170-1182.

Byrne, David, en Gill Callaghan. 2014. Complexity Theory and the Social Science: The State of the Art. Oxon: Routledge.

Christakis, Nicholas, en James Fowler. 2010. Connected. London: Harper.

Codde, Philippe. 2003. “Polysystem Theory Revisited: A New Comparative Introduction.” Poetics Today (1): 91-126.

Csermely, Péter, András London, Ling-Yun Wu, en Brian Uzzi. 2013. “Structure and Dynamics of Core/Periphery Networks.” Journal of Complex Networks 1: 93-123.

Eades, P. 1984. “A Heuristic for Graph Drawing.” Congressus Numerantium 42: 149-160.

Easley, David, en Jon Kleinberg. 2010. Networks, Crowds and Markets: Reasoning About a Highly Connected World. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1979. “Polysystem Theory.” Poetics Today 1(1/2): 287-310.

Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990. “Polysystem Studies.” Poetics Today 11(1): 1-94.

Freeman, Linton C. 1979. “Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification.” Social Networks 1 (3): 215-239.

Fruchterman, Thomas M. J., en Edward M. Reingold. 1991. “Graph Drawing by Forcedirected Placement.” Software: Practice and experience 21 (11): 1129-1164.

Gaertler, Marco, en Dorothea Wagner. 2007. “Visualizing Large Complex Networks.” Large Scale Structure and Dynamics of Complex Networks: From Information Technology to Finance and Natural Science. Eds Guido Caldarelli, en Alessandro Vespignani. London: World Scientific. 115-132

Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360-1380.

Guimerá, R., en L. A. N. Amaral. 2004. “Modeling the World-wide Airport Network.” Eur. Phys. J. B 38: 381-385.

Hoppe, Bruce, en Claire Reinelt. 2010. “Social Network Analysis and the Evaluation of Leadership Networks.” The Leadership Quarterly 21 (4): 600-619.

Hu, Yifan. 2011. “Algorithms for Visualizing Large Networks.” Combinatorial Scientific Computing 5 (3): 180-186.

Kamada, T., en S. Kawai. 1989. “An Algorithm for Drawing General Undirected Graphs.” Information Processing Letters 31: 7-15.

Kobourov, Stephen G. 2013. “Force-directed Drawing Algorithms.” Handbook of Graph Drawing and Visualization. Ed. Roberto Tamassia. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 383-408.

Martin, Shawn, W. M. Brown, Richard Klavans, en Kevin W. Boyack. 2011. “OpenOrd: An Open-source Toolbox for Large Graph Layout.” SPIE Proceedings Volume 7868 Visualization and Data Analysis. Eds Pak Chung Wong, Jinah Park, Ming C.

Hao, Chaomei Chen, Katy Börner, David L. Kao, Jonathan C. Roberts. SPIE / IS&T: Bellingham / Springfield. 1-11.

Milgram, Stanley. 1967. “The Small World Problem.” Psychology Today 2: 60-67.

Newman, Mark E. J. 2010. Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Quinn, N. R., en M. A. Breuer. 1979. “A Force Directed Component Placement Procedure for Printed Circuit Boards.” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 26 (6): 377-388.

Rigney, Ann. 2006. “Teksten en cultuurhistoriesche context.” Het leven van teksten: Een inleiding tot de literatuurwetenschap. Eds Kiene Brillenburg Wurth, en Ann Rigney. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Schneider, Marguerite, en Mark Somers. 2006. “Organizations as Complex Adaptive Systems: Implications of Complexity Theory for Leadership Research.” The Leadership Quarterly 17 (4): 351-365.

Senekal, Burgert A. 2012. “Die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem: ʼn Eksperimentele benadering met behulp van Sosiale-netwerk-analise (SNA ).” LitNet Akademies 9 (3): 614-638.

Senekal, Burgert A. 2013a. “Die gebruik van die netwerkteorie binne ʼn sisteemteoretiese benadering tot die Afrikaanse letterkunde: ʼn Teorie-oorsig.” Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe 53 (4): 668-682.

Senekal, Burgert A. 2013b. “ʼn Netwerkontleding van die Afrikaanse poësienetwerk vanaf 2000 tot 2012.” Stilet 25 (2): 99-124.

Senekal, Burgert A. 2013c. “’n Bespreking van die Afrikaanse poësienetwerk sedert 2000.” LitNet. 10 Mei 2013. <http://www.litnet.co.za/Article/n-bespreking-van-die-afrikaanseposienetwerk-sedert-2000>.

Senekal, Burgert A. 2014a. Canons and Connections: A Network Theory Approach to the Study of Literary Systems with Specific Reference to Afrikaans Poetry. Washington, DC: New Academia.

Senekal, Burgert A. 2014b. “Die intellektuele struktuur van die Afrikaanse letterkunde: ’n Verwysingsontleding van artikels in die Afrikaanse letterkunde met behulp van netwerkanalise.” LitNet Akademies 11(2): 597-619.

Senekal, Burgert A., en Jan-Ad Stemmet. 2014. “The Gods Must Be Connected: An Investigation of Jamie Uys’s Connections in the Afrikaans Film Industry Using Social Network Analysis (SNA ).” Communicatio 40 (1): 1-19.

Senekal, Johannes H. 1985. “Die Afrikaanse letterkunde binne die literatuursisteem.” Handhaaf, Junie: 20-22.

Senekal, Johannes H. 1986. ‘n Beskrywing van die Afrikaanse literatuursisteem. Ongepubliseerde RGN - verslag.

Senekal, Johannes H. 1987. Literatuuropvattings: ‘wese’ en ‘waarhede’ van ‘n nuwe literêre teorie. Bloemfontein: Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat.

Senekal, Johannes H., en Elmarie Engelbrecht. 1984. Bronne by die studie van Afrikaanse prosawerke 1900-1978. Johannesburg: Perskor.

Senekal, Johannes H., en Karien Van Aswegen. 1980. Bronne by die studie van Afrikaanse dramas 1900-1978. Johannesburg: Perskor.

Senekal, Johannes H., en Karien Van Aswegen. 1981. Bronne by die studie van die Afrikaanse digbundels 1900-1978. Johannesburg: Perskor.

Sheffy, Rakefet. 1990. “The Concept of Canonicity in Polysystem Theory.” Poetics Today 11 (3): 511-522.

Van Steen, Maarten. 2010. Graph Theory and Complex Networks. n.p.: Van Steen. Verboord, M. 2003. “Classification of Authors by Literary Prestige.” Poetics 31 (3): 259-81.

Viljoen, Hein. 1984. “Die literêre sisteem van Dertig.” Literator 5 (1): 65-74.

Viljoen, Hein. 1986. “Die Suid-Afrikaanse romansisteem. ‘n Vergelykende studie.” Diss. Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys.

Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1968. General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller.

Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig. 1972. “The History and Status of General Systems Theory.” The Academy of Management Journal 15 (4): 407-426.

Walshaw, Chris. 2003. “A Multilevel Algorithm for Force-Directed Graph Drawing.” Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications 7 (3): 253-285.

Watts, D. J., en S. H. Strogatz. 1998. “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small-world’ Networks.” Nature 393 (6684): 409-410.