Abstract
This paper deals with the ways of categorising landscapes as ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ using a physicalist approach, where these terms have special meaning. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the question whether such a division is still meaningful with regard to anthropogenic landscapes, not least in spatial planning. The concerns raised in this paper depart from the increasingly complicated structure of geographical space, including that of anthropogenic landscapes. Our standpoint is illustrated using cases of landscape ambiguities from Poland, Germany, Romania and Greece. Leaning on frameworks of physicalist (mechanicistic) theory, this paper suggests an explanation to the outlined semantic conflicts. This is done by pointing to the relationality between the impact of centripetal and centrifugal forces, the specifics of socio-economic development, as well as the varying landscape forms that emerge from the differences within that development.References
Alig R.A., Kline J.D., Lichtestein M., 2004. Urbanization on the US landscape: Looking ahead in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning 69(2–3): 219–234.
Antrop M., 2004a. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 67(1–4): 9–26.
Antrop M., 2004b. Rural-urban conflicts and opportunities. In: Jongman R.H.G. (ed.), The new dimensions of the European landscapes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 83–91.
Bański J., 2006. Geografia wsi. PWN, Warsaw.
Berger P.L., Luckmann T., 1966. The social construction of reality. Anchor Books, Garden City, NY.
Bertinelli L., Black D., 2004. Urbanization and growth. Journal of Urban Economics 56(1): 80–96.
Biegańska J., Szymańska D., 2013. The scale and the dynamics of permanent migration in rural and peri-urban areas in Poland – some problems. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 21: 21–30.
Biegańska J., Dymitrow M., Grzelak-Kostulska E., 2014. Under urban mask: On rural landscapes with different logics. Special session at the 26th Permanent European Conference on the Study of the Rural Landscape – “Unraveling the logics of landscape”, 8–12 September 2014, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bossuet L., 2006. Peri-rural populations in search of territory. Sociologia Ruralis 46: 214–28.
Brabyn L., 2009. Classifying landscape character. Landscape Research 34(3): 299–321.
Brauer R., Dymitrow M., 2017. Human geography and the hinterland: The case of Torsten Hägerstrand’s ‘belated’ recognition. Moravian Geographical Reports 25(2): 74–84.
Brenner N., 2013. Theses on urbanization. Public Culture 25(1): 85–114.
Cavallo A., Di Donato B., Marino D., 2016. Mapping and assessing urban agriculture in Rome. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 8: 774–783.
Champion A., Hugo G., 2004. New forms of urbanization: Beyond the urban–rural dichotomy. Ashgate, Aldershot.
Cloke P., Johnston R., 2005. Deconstructing human geography’s binaries. In: Cloke P., Johnston R. (eds), Spaces of geographical thought: Deconstructing human geography’s binaries. Sage, Thousand Oaks and New Dehli, London: 1–20.
Connell J., 2016. Soft country? Rural and regional Australia in country style. In: Dufty-Jones R., Connell J. (eds), Rural Change in Australia: Population, Economy, Environment. Routledge, London/New York: 211–234.
Cosgrove D., 1984. Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10(1): 45–62.
Courtney P., Mayfield L., Tranter R., Jones P., Errington A., 2007. Small towns as ‘sub-poles’ in English rural development: Investigating rural–urban linkages using sub-regional social accounting matrices. Geoforum 38(6): 1219–1232.
Daniels S., 1989. Marxism, culture, and the duplicity of landscape. In: Richard P., Nigel T. (eds), New models in geography, 2. Unwin Hyman, London: 196–220.
de Groot R., 2006. Function-analysis and valuation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multifunctional landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 75(3–4): 175–186
de Smet F., Teller J., 2015. Characterising the morphology of suburban settlements: A method based on a semi-automatic classification of building clusters. Landscape Research 41(1): 113–130.
Deng J.S., Wang K., Hong Y., Qi J.G., 2009. Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use change and landscape pattern in response to rapid urbanization. Landscape and Urban Planning 92(3–4): 187–198.
Drexler D., 2013. Landscape, Paysage, Landschaft, Táj: The cultural background of landscape perceptions in England, France, Germany, and Hungary. Journal of Ecological Anthropology 16(1): 85–96.
Duncan J.S., Duncan N.G., 2001. The aestheticization of the politics of landscape preservation. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91(2): 387–409.
Dymitrow M., Brauer R., 2016. Land or people? On the iatrogenesis of conflation. Acta Geobalcanica 2/2: 63–75.
Dymitrow M., 2013. Degraded towns in Poland as cultural heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies 19(7): 613–631.
Dymitrow M., 2014. The effigy of urbanity or a rural parody? A visual approach to small-town public space. Journal of Cultural Geography 31, 1–31.
Dymitrow M., Biegańska J., Grzelak-Kostulska E., 2017. Deprivation and the rural-urban trap. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie.
Dymitrow M., Stenseke M., 2016. Rural-urban blurring and the subjectivity within. Rural Landscapes: Society, Environment, History 3(1) 4: 1–13.
Forsyth A., 2012. Defining suburbs. Journal of Planning Literature 27(3): 270–281.
Friedman B., Krugman P., Skidelsky R., 2015. Economics after the crash: A discipline in need of renewal? Scandinavia House, New York.
Fujita M., Krugman P., Venables A.J., 2001. The spatial economy. Cities, regions, and the international trade. The MIT Press, Cambridge-London.
Fujita M., 2012. Thünen and the new economic geography. Regional Science and Urban Economics 42(6): 907–912.
Fujita M., Thisse J.F., 2002. Economies of agglomeration. Cities, industrial location, and regional growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gobster P.H., Nassauer J.I., Daniel T.C., Fry G., 2007. The shared landscape: What does aesthetics have to do with ecology? Landscape Ecology 22(7): 959–972.
Gregory D., Johnston R., Pratt G., Watts M., Whatmore S. (eds), 2009. The dictionary of human geography. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
Gallent N., Andersson J., 2007. Representing England’s rural-urban fringe. Landscape Research 32(1): 1–21.
Guba E.G., Lincoln Y.S., 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In: Denzin N.K., Lincoln Y.S. (eds), Handbook of qualitative research 2: 163–194. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, London, New Delhi: 105–117.
Halfacree K.H., 1993. Locality and social representation: Space, discourse and alternative definitions of the rural. Journal of Rural Studies 9(1): 23–37.
Halfacree K.H., 2009. Rurality and post-rurality. In: Kitchin R., Thrift N. (eds), International encyclopedia of human geography (Volume I). Elsevier, London: 449–456.
Hartshorne R., 1939. The nature of geography: A critical survey of current thought in the light of the past. The Association Lancaster, Lancaster, PA.
Henderson G.L., 2003. What (else) we talk about when we talk about landscape: For a return to the social imagination. In: Wilson Ch., Groth P. (eds), Everyday America: cultural landscape studies after J.B. Jackson. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA: 178–198.
Hoggart K., 1990. Let’s do away with rural. Journal of Rural Studies 6(3): 245–257.
Hubbard P., 2006. City. Routledge, Abingdon and New York.
Hubbard P., Kitchin R., Bartley B., Fuller D., 2002. Thinking geographically: space, theory and contemporary human geography. Continuum, London, New York.
Jaynes E.T., 2003. Probability theory: The logic of science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Johansen P.H., Nielsen N.Ch., 2012. Bridging between the regional degree and the community approaches to rurality—A suggestion for a definition of rurality for everyday use. Land Use Policy 29(4): 781–788.
Jones M., Stenseke M., 2011. The issue of public participation in the European landscape convention, In: Jones M., Stenseke M. (eds), The European landscape convention. Challenges of participation. Springer Science, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: 1–23.
Knudsen J.M., Hjorth P.G., 1996. Elements of Newtonian Physics. Including Nonlinear Dynamics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Krugman P., 1995. Urban concentration: The role of increasing returns and transport costs. In: Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics. The World Bank: 241–263.
Krzysztofik R., 2014. Geneza aglomeracji miast na obszarze Polski. University of Silesia Publishing House, Katowice.
Krzysztofik R., 2016. Revisited question of centripetal and centrifugal forces in urban systems. Geographia Polonica 89(4): 429–442.
Krzysztofik R., Dymitrow M., Kantor-Pietraga I., Spórna T., 2016. Concept of urban hibernation. European Planning Studies 24(2): 316–343.
LeSage J.P., Charles J.S., 2008. Using home buyers’ revealed preferences to define the urban–rural fringe. Journal of Geographical Systems 10(1): 1–21.
Lincoln Y.S., Lynham S.A., Guba E.G., 2011. Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences, revisited. In: Denzin N.K., Lincoln Y.S. (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research 4. Sage, Los Angeles–Washington DC: 97–128.
Mahon M., 2007. New populations; shifting expectations: The changing experience of Irish rural space and place. Journal of Rural Studies 23(3): 345–356.
Martin R.L., Sunley P., 2012. Forms of emergence and the evolution of economic landscape. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 82(2–3): 338–351.
Masuda J.R., Garvin T., 2008. Whose heartland? The politics of place in a rural-urban interface. Journal of Rural Studies 24(1): 112–123.
Mazzochi C., Sali G., Corsi S., 2013. Land use conversion in metropolitan areas and the permanence of agriculture: Sensitivity Index of Agricultural Land (SIAL), a tool for territorial analysis. Land Use Policy 35: 155–162.
Mels T., Germundsson T., 2013. Figures in the revolutionary landscape: An introduction. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 95: 213–218.
Millward H., Harrington L., Ilbery B., Beesley K., 2003. Milieux, viewpoints, and processes of change in the new countryside. In: Beesley K., Millward H., Harrington L. (eds), The new countryside: Geographic perspectives on rural change. Brandon University, Brandon: 9–23.
Mitchell D., 2002. Cultural landscapes: The dialectical landscape – recent landscape research in human geography. Progress in Human Geography 26(3): 381–389.
Molema M., 2012. The urban west and the rural rest: Framing in Dutch regional planning in the 1950s. Landscape Research 37(4): 437–450.
Mormont M., 1990. Who is rural? Or, how to be rural: Towards a sociology of the rural. In: Marsden T., Lowe P., Whatmore S. (eds), Rural restructuring. Global processes and their responses. David Fulton Publishers, London: 21–44.
Moseley M.J., 2003. Rural development: Principles and practice. SAGE Publications Limited, London.
Myga-Piątek U., 2012. Krajobrazy kulturowe. Aspekty ewolucyjne i typologiczne. University of Silesia Publishing House, Katowice.
Naveh Z., 2001. Ten major premises for a holistic conception of multifunctional landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 57(3–4): 269–284.
Nefedova T., Pallot J., 2013. The multiplicity of second home development in the Russian Federation: A case of seasonal suburbanization. In: Roca Z. (ed.), Second home tourism in Europe: Lifestyle issues and policy responses. Routledge, London, New York: 91–121.
Olsen J., 2002. On the units of geographical economies. Geoforum 33(2): 153–164.
Olwig K.R., 1996. Recovering the substantive nature of landscape. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 86(4): 630–653.
Plucińska S., 2009. Pawłowice nie chcą być miastem. Dziennik Zachodni 27.07.2009. <http://www.dziennikzachodni.pl/artykul/146111,pawlowice-nie-chca-byc-miastem,id,t.html> 18.01.2017.
Powe N.A., Shaw T., 2004. Exploring the current and future role of market towns in servicing their hinterlands: A case study of Alnwick in the North East of England. Journal of Rural Studies 20(4): 405–418.
Prové C., Dessein J., De Krom M., 2016. Taking context into account in urban agriculture governance: Case studies of Warsaw (Poland) and Ghent (Belgium). Land Use Policy 56: 16–26.
Primdahl J., Andersen E., Swaffield S., Kristensen L., 2013. Intersecting dynamics of agricultural structural change and urbanisation within european rural landscapes: Change patterns and policy implications. Landscape Research 38(6): 799–817.
Qviström M., 2010. Shadows of planning: On landscape/planning history and inherited landscape ambiguities at the urban fringe. Geografiska Annaler: Series B 92(3): 219–235.
Qviström M., Cadieux K.V., 2012. Spatial order, scenic landscapes and sprawl: Peri-urban studies at the interface between landscape and planning history. Landscape Research 37(4): 395–398.
Richling A., Solon J., 2011. Ekologia krajobrazu (Landscape ecology). PWN, Warszawa.
Rose G., 1993. Feminism and geography: The limits of geographical knowledge. Polity Press, Cambridge, Malden, MA.
Sauer C.O., 1925. The morphology of landscape. University of California Publications in Geography 2(2): 19–54.
Smart J.J.C., 1959. Sensations and brain processes. The Philosophical Review 68(2): 141–156.
Smithers J., Joseph A.E., Armstrong M., 2005. Across the divide (?): Reconciling farm and town views of agriculture-community linkages. Journal of Rural Studies 21(3): 281–295.
Somerville P., Halfacree K., Bosworth G., 2014. Interrogating rural coherence (Conclusion). In: Bosworth G., Somerville P. (eds), Interpreting rurality: Multidisciplinary approaches. Routledge, London, New York: 278–296.
Taylor N., 2007. Urban planning theory since 1945. Sage Publications Ltd., London.
Thompson I.H., 2012. Ten tenets and six questions for landscape urbanism. Landscape Research 37(1): 7–26.
Tornaghi Ch., 2014. Critical geography of urban agriculture. Progress in Human Geography 38(4): 551–567.
Tribe J., Liburd J.J., 2016. The tourism knowledge system. Annals of Tourism Research 57: 44–61.
Tunströ M., Smas L., 2017. Spänningar på ett fält – stadsplaneringens diskurs och praktik på gränsen mellan innerstad och förort. Ymer 137: 145–164.
Tveit M., Ode Å., Fry G., 2006. Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character. Landscape Research 31(3): 229–255.
Ulied A., Biosca O., Rodrigo R., 2010. Urban and rural narratives and spatial development trends in Europe. Mcrit SL, Barcelona.
Walker P., Fortmann L., 2003, Whose landscape? A political ecology of the ‘exurban’ Sierra. Cultural Geographies 10(4): 469–491.
Vaishar A., Zapletalová J., Nováková E., 2016. Between urban and rural: Sustainability of small towns in the 21 Czech Republic. European Countryside 8(4): 351–372.
von der Dunk A., Gret-Regamey A., Dalang T., Hersperger A.M., 2011. Defining a typology of peri-urban land use conflicts – A case study from Switzerland. Landscape and Urban Planning 101(2): 149–156.
Vos W., Meekes H., 1999. Trends in European cultural landscape development: Perspectives for a sustainable future. Landscape and Urban Planning 46(1–3): 3–14.
Wand D.I.A., Nadin V., Zonnenveld W., Rooij R., 2014. Beyond urban-rural classifications: Characterising and mapping territories-in-between across Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 130: 50–63.
Ward N., Brown D.L., 2009. Placing the rural in regional development. Regional studies 43(10): 1237–1244.
Whitehand J., 2005. Urban morphology, urban landscape and fringe belts. Urban Design 93: 19–21.
Woods M., 2009. Rural geography: Blurring boundaries and making connections. Progress in Human Geography 33(6): 849–858.
Woods M., 2010. Rural. Routledge, Abingdon, New York.
Wu F., Zhang F., Webster C., 2013. Informality and the development and demolition of urban villages in the Chinese peri-urban area. Urban Studies 50(10): 1919–1934.
Wylie J., 2007. Landscape. Routledge, London.
Xin S., Tribe J., Chambers D., 2013. Conceptual research in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 41: 66–88.