Gendered and gender-neutral character of public places in Algeria
PDF

Keywords

public place
gendered space
gender-neutral space
experiential spaces
indices of spatial and phenomenal segregation

How to Cite

Rahmani, L., & Messaoudene, M. (2021). Gendered and gender-neutral character of public places in Algeria. Quaestiones Geographicae, 40(2), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0017

Abstract

This article aims to determine whether Algerian public spaces are gendered or gender neutral and to deduce the place of women in this type of hedonistic aesthetic consumption space. A non-probability sample of 363 individ- uals allowed us to collect the necessary data on the basis of an experiential scale designed for Algerian public spaces. This scale offers us the possibility of measuring their spatial and phenomenal experiential tendency. In other words, it allows us to evaluate the potential of their sensorial, relational, emotional, cognitive, behavioural spaces, their urban environments and their spirits of the place. This scale has undergone the tests of reliability and validity laid down by Churchill. It has also undergone the latest generation confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. Due to the non-nor- mality of the sample distribution, we applied non-parametric tests in our analysis. The Mann Whitney U tests were used to calculate and compare the indices of spatial and phenomenal segregation of public places. The results revealed the gendered or gender-neutral nature of the three public places with their respective mapping. In the end, on the basis of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede, we were able to get to know the populations of the cities in our case studies that require urgent awareness-raising action. This promotes gender equality and especially the right of women to use and occupy hedonic public spaces without any conditions or prejudice.

https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0017
PDF

References

Advercity, 2019, October 26. Statistics of Blida, Medea and Ghardaïa Retrieved from DB-City.com. Online: https://en.db-city.com/Algeria (accessed: 12 January 2020).

Arendt H., 1958. The human condition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Augoyard J., 2008. Conférence inaugurale: Faire une ambiance? (Inaugural conference: Creating an atmosphere). 1st International Congress on Ambiances, Grenoble: 17–35.

Baker J., 1986. The role of the environment in marketing services: The consumer perspective. The Services Challenge: Integrating for Competitive Advantage 1(1): 79–84.

Balez S., 2001. Ambiances olfactives dans l’espace construit: perception des usagers et dispositifs techniques et architecturaux pour la maîtrise des ambiances olfactives dans des espaces de type tertiaire (Olfactory atmospheres in the built space: User perception and technical and architectural devices for the control of olfactory atmospheres in tertiary-sec tor spaces). Doctoral Dissertation. Université de Nantes, Nantes.

Benzerfa-Guerroudj Z., 1992. Les femmes algériennes dans l’espace public (Algerian women in the public space). Ar chitecture et comportement 8(2): 123–136.

Berdoulay V., Gomes P., 2010. Image et espace public. La composition d’une scène (Image and public space. The composition of a scene) 73. Laboratoire Espaces, Nature et Culture (ENEC).

Blunch N., 2012. Introduction to structural equation modeling using IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS. Sage, Los Angles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC.

Bonnefont A., Erraja K., 2006. Congruence perçue par le consommateur entre l’ambiance olfactive et les autres varaibles d’atmosphère du magasin: Etude exploratoire (Perceived consumer congruence between olfactory atmosphere and other store atmosphere variables: Exploratory study). 11 ème journée de Recherche en Marketing de Bourgogne 9–10.

Boone H., Boone D., 2012. Analyzing likert data. Journal of Extension 50(2): 1–5.

Chelkoff G., Thibaud J., 1992. L’espace public, modes sensi bles: le regard sur la ville (Public space, sensitive modes: A look at the city). Les Annales de la Recherche Urbaine, PUCA: 7–16.

Churchill J., 1979. A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research 16(1) 64–73.

Clark W., Fossett M., 2008. Understanding the social context of the Schelling segregation model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(11): 4109–4114.

Connell R., 2014. Masculinités. Enjeux sociaux de l’hégémonie (Masculinities. Social stakes of hegemony). Amsterdam (Éditions).

Coutras J., 2008. Territoires du quotidien et espaces sexués. Du voisinage résidentiel aux espaces d’anonymat (Ever day territories and gendered spaces. From residential ighbourhoods to spaces of anonymity). Strates. Matériaux pour la recherche en sciences sociales 14: 225–235.

Daucé B., Rieunier S., 2002. Le marketing sensoriel du point de vente (Sensory marketing of the point of sale). Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) 17(4): 45–65.

Delalande J., 2003. Culture enfantine et règles de vie. Jeux et enjeux de la cour de récréation (Children’s culture and rules of life. Playground games and issues). Association Terrain 40: 99–114.

Duval C., Piolino P., Bejanin A., Laisney M., Eustache F., Desgranges B., 2011. La théorie de l’esprit: aspects conceptuels, évaluation et effets de l’âge (The theory of mind: Conceptual aspects, evaluation and effects of age). Revue de neuropsychologie 3(1): 41–51.

Faure E., Gonzalez E., Luxembourg C., 2017. La ville: quel genre? (The city: what kind?) Le temps des cerises.

Ferrand M., 2004. La place des femmes dans l’espace public (The place of women in the public space). In: Ferrand D.M. (ed.), Féminin Masculin. La Découverte, Paris: 66–83. Hall E., 1966. La dimension cachée (The hidden dimension). Doubleday, New York.

Hall E., 1971. La Dimension cachée (The hidden dimension). Éd. du Seuil, Paris.

Hamidi D., 2016. La centralité linguistique du français dans l’affichage publicitaire à médéa en algérie (The linguistic centrality of French in advertising in Medea, Algeria). Francisola 1(1): 12–18.

Harfouche A., 2019. Les femmes et l’espace public en Algérie: appropriations et sociabilités publiques à Sétif (Women and the public space in Algeria: Appropriation and public sociability in Sétif). Doctoral Thesis.: École doctorale Milieux, cultures et sociétés du passé et du présent (Nanterre), en partenariat avec Laboratoire Architecture, Ville, Urbanisme, Environnement (LAVUE), Paris.

Hofstede G., Hofstede G., Minkov M., 2005. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, Vol. 2. Mcgraw-Hill, New York.

Holbrook M., Hirschman E., 1982. The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasy, feelings and fun. Journal of Consumer Research 9(2): 132–140.

Hu L., Bentler P., 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multi- disciplinary Journal 6(1): 1–55.

Jaillet M., Perrin E., Ménard F., 2008. Diversité sociale, ségrégation urbaine, mixité. Plan urbanisme construction architecture (Social diversity, urban segregation, diversity. Urban planning, construction and architecture). Collection « Recherches » du PUCA (Plan urbanisme construction architecture) No. 180, Paris.

Korosec-Serfaty P., 1988. La sociabilité publique et ses territoires-Places et espaces publics urbains (Public sociability and its territories – Places and urban public spaces). Architecture et comportement 4(2): 111–132.

Lacœuilhe J., 2000. L’attachement à la marque: proposition d’une échelle de mesure (Attachment to the brand: Pro posal for a measurement scale). Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French edition) 15(4): 61–77.

Lemoine J., 2004. Magasins d’atmosphére: quelles évolu tions et quelles perspectives d’avenir? (Atmosphere stores: What developments and future prospects?) Revue Française du marketing 198(3/5): 107.

Lemoine J., 2005. L’atmosphère du point de vente comme variable stratégique commerciale: bilan et perspectives (The atmosphere of the point of sale as a strategic commercial variable: Assessment and prospects). Décisions Marketing (39) 79–82.

Lichtlé M., Plichon V., 2005. La diversité des états affectifs dans un point de vente (The atmosphere of the point of sale as a strategic commercial variable: Assessment and prospects). Décisions Marketing (39) 33–42.

Lichtlé M., Plichon V., 2014. Les émotions ressenties dans un point de vente: Proposition d’une échelle de mesure (Emotions experienced in a point of sale: Proposal for a measurement scale). Recherche et Applications en Marketing 29(1): 3–26.

Likert R., 1932. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22140, 55.

Luxembourg C., Messaoudi D., 2016. Projet de recherche-ac tion à Gennevilliers: «La ville côté femmes» (Action-research project in Gennevilliers: ‘The city on the women’s side’). Recherches féministes 29(1): 129–146.

Mayer T., 1989. Consensus and invisibility: The representa tion of women in human geography textbooks. The Professional Geographer 41(4): 397–409.

McCown F., 2014. Le modèle de ségrégation de Schelling (Schelling’s model). Online: http://nifty.stanford.edu/2014/mccown-schelling-model-segregation (accessed: 15 February 2021).

McKnight P., Najab J., 2010. Mann-Whitney U Test. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology 1–1.

Moghadam S., Rafieian M., 2019. What did urban studies do for women? A systematic review of 40 years of research. Habitat International 92: 102047. DOI 10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102047.

Monk J., Hanson S., 1982. On not excluding half of the human in human geography. The Professional Geographer 34(1): 11–23.

Moraldo D., 2014. Raewyn Connell, Masculinités. Enjeux sociaux de l’hégémonie (Raewyn Connell, Male. Social stakes of hegemony). Lectures [En ligne], Les comptes rendus. Online: http://journals.openedition.org/lectures/13753 (accessed: 16 March 2020).

Premack D., Woodruff G., 1978. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1(4): 515– 526.

Rahmani L., 2020. Le rôle expérientiel des usagers dans la fabrique de l’immatérialité des places publiques comme modèle d’équations structurelles. (The experiential role of users in the making of the intangible public spaces as structural equations modelling). Doctoral dissertation in science.: Ecole Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urban isme (E.P.A.U), El Harrach, Alger, Algeria.

Rahmani L., Messaoudene M., 2019. The role of a positive spirit in the attractiveness, sociability and success of a public place. Quaestiones Geographicae 38(4): 49–62.

Rémy N., 2004. Ambiances sonores en gare: de la mesure acoustique à la mesure immergée (Sound atmospheres in railway stations: From acoustic measurement to immersed measurement). Amphoux, Pascal; Thibaud, Jean-Paul; Chelkoff, Grégoire. Ambiances en débats, A la croisée, pp.207–215, 2004, Ambiances, ambiance. halshs-00087817

Rieucau J., 2012. La promenade publique géosymbole de l’urbanité espagnole. La Rambla Nova de Tarragone (The geosymbolic public promenade of the Spanish urbanity. The Rambla Nova of Tarragona). EchoGéo 22. DOI 10.4000/echogeo.13252

Ruel S., sine die. Filles et garçons à l’heure de la récréation: la cour de récréation, lieu de construction des identifications sexuées (Girls and boys at playtime: The playground, the place where gendered identifications are constructed).

Ruxton G., 2006. The unequal variance t-test is an underused alternative to Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Behavioral Ecology 17(4): 688–690.

Schelling T., 1971. Dynamic models of segregation. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1(2): 143–186. DOI 10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989794

Schmitt B., 1999. Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management 15(1–3): 53–67.

Sharma R., 2020. Perceptions of harassment and safety among women in urban public space. Studies in Indian Place Names 40(3): 405–416.

Tansey O., 2007. Process tracing and elite interviewing: A case for non-probability sampling. PS: Political Science & Politics 40(4): 765–772.

Terlinden U., 2002. Räumliche Definitionsmacht und weibliche überschreitungen. öffentlichkeit, Privatheit und Geschlechterdifferenzierung im städtischen Raum, na.

Terlinden U., 2003. “Public Man” and “Private Woman”: Discourse and practice in western societies. In: Terlinden D.U. (ed.), City and gender. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden: 41–56.

Thibaud J., 2002. L’horizon des ambiances urbaines (The horizon of urban atmospheres). Communications 73: 185–201.

Vinković D., Kirman A., 2006. A physical analogue of the Schelling model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(51): 19261–19265.