Keywords
paradox
sustainable tourism
development
ecotourism
How to Cite
Abstract
In 2020 and 2021, the entire evolution of human society is under the sign of a paradox, of the adversity of events, coming in avalanche. The tourist evolutions themselves suffer the imprint of the paradox. These paradoxes urgently require new paradigms, the famous ‘paradigm shifts’, mentality, optics, action. The purpose of this research is to outline the main aspects of the research problem and diagnose the situation, with focus on identifying hypotheses for future descriptive or causal research as well as to explore the reasons, attitudes and values of the paradigm and paradox, which differentiate the two notions approached: testing new concepts of forecasting, a product specific to the destination under analysis and in identifying other viable, sustainable alternatives and their analysis in parallel with modelling and promoting new ideas of tourism products or services, respectively improving the existing ones. This article aims to capitalise on the paradox, already successfully applied in economics by the author of the method and in shaping and delimiting ecotourism (in particular the ecotourism from the destination Țara Hațegului – Retezat), emphasising the role of self-contradiction of the field, through a specific type of economic reasoning, in which the rapid evolution of tourism risks are becoming its own cause of its disappearance, knowing that too much tourism kills tourism. Responsibility and the mesological spirit are the only ways to counteract the paradox phenomenon, even a paradigm in the metamorphosis of ecotourism.
References
Ashworth G.J., Page S.J., 2010. Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes. Tourism Management 32(1): 1-15. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.002.
Boluk K.A., Cavaliere C.T., Higgins-Desbiolles F., 2019. A critical framework for interrogating the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27: 847-864. DOI 10.1080/09669582.2019.1619748.
Brand K.W., 2002. Conciencia y Comportamiento Medioambientales: Estilos de Vida más’ Verdes (Environmental awareness and behaviour. Greener lifestyles). Michael Redcliff y Graham Woodgate, Sociología del Medioambiente: Una Perspectiva Internacional: 205-222.
Cañizares M., 2008. Claves de la sostenibilidad a comienzos del siglo XXI (Keys to sustainability at the beginning of the 21st century). In: Cebrián F. (coord.), Turismo rural y desarrollo local. Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla – La Mancha: 29-37.
Cánoves G., Villarino M., Herrera L., 2006. Políticas públicas, turismo rural y sostenibilidad (Public policies, rural tourism and sustainability). Boletín de la AGE 41: 199-217.
Castells M., 1997. La era de la información. Economía, Sociedad y Cultura. La sociedad red (The age of information. Economy, society and culture. The network society). Alianza Editorial, Madrid, Spain.
Covey S.R., 2011. The 3rd alternative: Solving life’s most difficult problems. Free Press, New York.
Dragomir L., Mazilu M., Marinescu R., 2018. The connection between sustainable tourism and certification systems. Forum geografic 17(2): 146-151. DOI 10.5775/ fg.2018.032.d.
Easterlin R.A., McVey L.A., Switek M., Sawangfa O., Zweig J.S., 2010. The happiness-income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(52): 224-263. DOI 10.1073/pnas.1015962107.
Eijgelaar E., Thaper C., Peeters P., 2010. Antarctic cruise tourism: The paradoxes of ambassadorship, “last chance tourism” and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(special issue 3): 337-354. DOI 10.1080/09669581003653534.
Fernández Buey F., 2005. Guía para una globalización alternati- va. Otro mundo es posible (Guide for an alternative globalization. Another world is possible). Byblos.
Gough S., Scott W., 2007. Higher education and sustainable development: Paradox and possibility. Routledge, London and New York. DOI 10.4324/9780203938423.
Gray A., 1997. Constructivist teaching and learning. SSTA Research Centre Report: 97-07.
Gupta G.S., 2017. The paradox of sustainable development: A critical overview of the term and the institutionalization process. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 25(1): 1-7.
Hall C.M., Fullagar S., Markwell K., Wilson E., 2012. The contradictions and paradoxes of slow food: Environmental change, sustainability and the conservation of taste. In: Slow tourism: Experiences and mobilities 54: 98-123. DOI 10.21832/9781845412821.
Higham J., Lück M., 2007. Ecotourism: Pondering the paradoxes. In: Higham J., Critical issues in ecotourism. Elsevier, Oxford, UK: 117-135. DOI 10.1016/B978-0-7506-6878-1.50011-6.
Hughes M., Weaver D., Pforr C., 2015. The practice of sustainable tourism: Resolving the paradox. Routledge, London and New York. DOI 10.4324/9781315796154.
Järviluoma J., 1992. Alternative tourism and the evolution of tourist areas. Tourism Management 13(1): 118-120. DOI 10.1016/0261-5177(92)90046-A.
López A.L., de Esteban Curiel J., 2010. El turismo sostenible como dinamizador local (Sustainable tourism as a local dynamic factor). Observatorio Medioambiental 13: 109-129.
López Palomeque F., 1999. Política turística y territorio en el escenario de cambio turístico (Tourism policy and territory in the scenario of tourism change). Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles 28: 23-38.
Lynn K.T., 1997. The paradox of plenty. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Mazilu M., 2012. Sustainable tourism of destination, imperative triangle among: Competitiveness, effective management and proper financing. In: Ghenai C., Sustainable development – Policy and urban development – Tourism, life science, management and environment. IntechOpen, London, UK: 85-118. DOI 10.5772/28062.
McDonnell J.E., Abelvik-Lawson H., Short D., 2020. A paradox of ‘sustainable development’: A critique of the ecological order of capitalism. In: Blaustein J., Fitz-Gibbon K., Pino N.W., White, R. (eds), The emerald handbook of crime, justice and sustainable development. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK: 439-463. DOI 10.1108/978-1-78769-355-520201024.
Mihalic T., Mohamadi S., Abbasi A., Dávid L.D., 2021. Mapping a sustainable and responsible tourism paradigm: A bibliometric and citation network analysis. Sustainability 13: 853. DOI 10.3390/su13020853.
Miller D., 1990. The Icarus paradox: How exceptional companies bring about their own downfall: New lessons in the dynamics of corporate success, decline, and renewal.. Harper Business, New York.
Minca C., Oakes T., 2006. Travels in paradox: Remapping tourism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD.
One Planet Network. How tourism can recover responsibly from COVID-19. Online: https://www.oneplanet-network.org/sustainable-tourism/covid-19-how-tour-ism-can-recover-responsibly (accessed: 10 December 2020).
Portal Legislativ. Strategia Națională pentru Dezvoltarea Ecoturismului în România (National Strategy for Ecotourism Development in Romania). Online: http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocumentAfis/219401 (accessed: 25 November 2020).
Saarinen J., 2021. Is being responsible sustainable in tourism? Connections and critical differences. Sustainability 13: 6599. DOI 10.3390/su13126599.
Săvoiu G., Dinu V., 2015. Economic paradoxism and meson Economics. Amfiteatru Economic Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania 17(38): 776-776.
Săvoiu G., 2013. Honesty advantages and some of the paradoxes of German economy versus risks and abnormalities in Romania evolution. In: Păduraru T., Talabă I, Tacu G., Alecu CI. (eds), Progrese in teoria deciziilor economice in condiţii de risc şi incertitudine. Tehnopress Publishers, Iaşi: 100-114. 12.
Săvoiu G., Manea C., Ţaicu M., 2017. Paradoxismul şi turismul rural (Paradoxism and rural tourism). In: Țene Al.F., Vătuiu A.R., Florentin Smarandache și seducția polimorfismului. Analize, interpretări, cronici, articole, note și recenzii (Florentin Smarandache and the seduction of polymorphism. Analyses, interpretations, chronicles, articles, notes and reviews), Agora, Sibiu: 751-768.
Smarandache F., 1983. Le sens du Non-Sens. Ed. Artistiques, Fes, Maroc.
Smarandache F., 2012. Antologia Paradoxismului Internaţional/ Seventh International Anthology on Paradoxism. The Educational Publisher Inc., Ohio.
Smarandache F., 2017. Florentin Smarandache și seducția polimorfismului. Analize, interpretări, cronici, articole, note și recenzii (Florentin Smarandache and the seduction of polymorphism. Analyses, interpretations, chronicles, articles, notes and reviews). Țene Al.F., Vătuiu A.R. (eds), Agora, Sibiu.
Stoian M., Voinea O., 2007. Modele De Dezvoltare Durabilă A Turismului Rural În Ţările Iberice (Models of sustainable development of rural tourism in the Iberian countries). Analele Universităţii “Constantin Brâncuşi” din Târgu-Jiu 1: 261-264.
Tasci A.D.A., Gartner W.C., Cavusgil S.T., 2007. Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 31(2): 194-223. DOI 10.1177/1096348006297290.
Torres A., 2010. Sostenibilitat i modalitats turístiques. Una anàlisi de casos a Catalunya (Sustainability and tourism. A case analysis in Catalonia). Documents d´Anàlisi Geogràfica 56(3): 479-502.
Torres A., 2012. Turisme i sostenibilitat. Una proposta metodològica per a l’estudi de la sostenibilitat turística a escala municipal (Tourism and sustainability. A methodological proposal for the study of tourism sustainability at municipal level). Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Tosun C., 2006. Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management 27(3): 493- 504. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.004.
UNWTO. Global guidelines to restart tourism. Online: https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-05/UNWTO-Global-Guidelines-to-Restart-Tourism.pdf (accessed: 11 December 2020).
Vera F, López Palomeque F., Gómez M.M., Clavé A.S., 2011. Análisis territorial del turismo y planificación de destinos turísticos (Territorial analysis of tourism and planning of tourist destinations). Tirant Lo Blanch, Spain.
Vera, F., López Palomeque F., Gómez M.M., Clavé A.S., Vilà Valentí J., 1997. Análisis territorial del turismo (Territorial analysis of tourism). Ariel, Spain.
Weaver D.B., Lawton L.J., 2002. Overnight ecotourist market segmentation in the Gold Coast hinterland of Australia. Journal of Travel Research 40(3): 270-280. DOI 10.1177/004728750204000305.
Weaver D.B., Lawton L.J., 2007. Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management 28(5): 1168-1179. DOI 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.004.
Wu X., Carrasco E., 2017. Ecoturismo: una revisión de sus elementos fundamentales (Ecotourism: A review of its fundamental elements). Revista delos desarrollo local sostenible 1988: 5245.