Abstract
Current recommendations for shaping greenery in the city refer to the 3-30-300 rule, i.e. providing residents of a residential building with a view of trees, direct proximity to greenery at the place of residence and pedestrian access to a high-quality public park or other area. Many cities implement this rule as part of local greening programmes. The authors analyse the structure of green areas in the city of Wolsztyn, assessing it in the context of the 3-30-300 rule. As a result, they identify areas requiring better access to greenery and propose specific actions to increase the availability of greenery within the city. The recommendations formulated can improve residents’ quality of life and the urban environment.
References
Aronson M.F., Lepczyk C.A., Evans K.L., Goddard M.A., Lerman S.B., Macivor J.S., Nilon C.H., Vargo T., 2017. Biodiversity in the city: Key challenges for urban green space management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 15(4): 189-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1480
Batorczak A., 2015. Zielone podwórka – szkolne pomysły dla zrównoważonego rozwoju miast (Green courtyards – school ideas for sustainable urban development). In: Kalinowska A. (ed.), Miasto idealne – miasto zrównoważone. Planowanie przestrzenne terenów zurbanizowanych i jego wpływ na ograniczenie skutków zmian klimatu (The ideal city – a sustainable city. Spatial planning of urban areas and its impact on mitigating the effects of climate change). Uniwersyteckie Centrum Badań nad Środowiskiem Przyrodniczym i Zrównoważonym Rozwojem. 99-104.
BDL 2023, 2024. Bank Danych Lokalnych, Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Local Data Bank, Statistics Poland). Online: bdl.stat.gov.pl (accessed 25 June 2024).
Begert B., 2022. Cities want more trees. Drought is complicating their efforts. Online: https://grist.org/drought/cities-want-more-trees-drought-iscomplicating-their-efforts/ (accessed 15 June 2024).
Benfield J.A., Rainbolt G.N., Bell P.A., Donovan G.H., 2015. Classrooms with nature views: Evidence of differing student perceptions and behaviors. Environment and Behavior 47: 140-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513499583
Browning M.H.E.M., Locke D.H., Konijnendijk C., Labib S.M., Rigolon A., Yeager R., Bardhan M., Berland A., Dadvand P., Helbich M., Li F., Li H., James P., Klompmaker J., Reuben A., Roman L.A., Tsai W.L., Patwary M., O’Neil-Dunne J., Ossola A., Wang R., Yang B., Yi L., Zhang J., Nieuwenhuijsen M., 2023. Measuring the 3-30-300 rule to help cities meet nature access thresholds. Science of the Total Environment 907: 167739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167739
Browning M.H.E.M., Saeidi-Rizi F., McAnirlin O., Yoon H., Pei Y., 2020. The role of methodological choices in the effects of experimental exposure to simulated natural landscapes on human health and cognitive performance: A systematic review. Environment and Behavior 53(7): 687-731. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916520906481
Cameron R.W.F., Blanuša T., Taylor J.E., Salisbury A., Halstead A.J., Henricot B., Thompson K., 2012. The domestic garden – Its contribution to urban green infrastructure. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11(2): 129-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002
Czekiel-Świtalska E., 2010. Rola zieleni w mieście na przykładzie centrum Szczecina (The role of greenery in the city as exemplified by the centre of Szczecin). Przestrzeń i Forma 13: 165-182.
Dudek J., 2019. Design guidelines for creating a vital Woonerf street. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM 19(6.2): 433-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/6.2/S27.055
Dymek D., Wilkaniec A., Bednorz L., Szczepańska M., 2021. Significance of allotment gardens in urban green space systems and their classification for spatial planning purposes: A case study of Poznań, Poland. Sustainability 13(19): 11044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911044
Ferris J., Norman C., Sempik J., 2001. People, land and sustainability: Community gardens and the social dimension of sustainable development. Social Policy & Administration 35(5): 559-568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.t01-1-00253
Gałecka-Drozda A., Wilkaniec A., Szczepańska M., Świerk D., 2021. Potential nature-based solutions and greenwashing to generate green spaces: Developers’ claims versus reality in new housing offers. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 65: 127345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127345
Kaczmarek U., Konecka-Szydłowska B., 2013. Perspectives for development of small towns in Wielkopolska voivodeship. In: Kleinstädte in Mittel-und Osteuropa: Perspektiven und Strategien lokaler Entwicklung. Forum ifl, No. 19: 66-88.
Klompmaker J.O., Hoek G., Bloemsma L.D., Wijga A.H., van den Brink C., Brunekreef B., Lebret E., Gehring U., Janssen N.A.H., 2019. Associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise on mental health. Environment International 129: 525-537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.040
Knobel P., Dadvand P., Maneja-Zaragoza R., 2019. A systematic review of multidimensional quality assessment tools for urban green spaces. Health & Place 59: 102198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102198
Konijnendijk C.C., 2022. The 3-30-300 rule for urban forestry and greener cities. Biophilic Cities Journal 4(2): 2 (preprint).
Konijnendijk C.C., 2023. Evidence-based guidelines for greener, healthier, more resilient neighbourhoods: Introducing the 3-30-300 rule. Journal of Forestry Research 34: 821-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-022-01523-z
Konijnendijk C., Devkota D., Mansourian S., Wildburger Ch. (eds), 2023. Forests and trees for human health: Pathways, impacts, challenges, and response options. A Global Assessment Report. IUFRO World Series 41.
Kronenberg J., 2012. Usługi ekosystemów w miastach (Ecosystem services in cities). Zrównoważony rozwój – zastosowania 3: 14-28.
Labib S.M., Browning M.H.E.M., Rigolon A., Helbich M., James P., 2022. Nature’s contributions in coping with a pandemic in the 21st century: A narrative review of evidence during COVID-19. Science of the Total Environment 833: 155095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155095
Larson L.R., Mullenbach L.E., Browning M.H.E.M., Rigolon A., Thomsen J., Metcalf E.C., Reigner N.P., Sharaievska I., McAnirlin O., D’Antonio A., Cloutier S., Helbich M., Labib S.M., 2022. Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research 204: 112367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112367
Latkowska M.J., 2008. Hortiterapia – rehabilitacja i terapia przez pracę w ogrodzie (Horticultural therapy – rehabilitation through gardening). Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych 525: 229-235.
Leereveld T., Estévez-Mauriz L., Margaritis E., 2024. Understanding perceived tranquillity in urban Woonerf streets: Case studies in two Dutch cities. Noise Mapping 11(1): 20240009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/noise-2024-0009
Mensah C.A., Andres L., Perera U., Roji A., 2016. Enhancing quality of life through the lens of green spaces: A systematic review approach. International Journal of Wellbeing 6(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i1.445
Nguyen P.Y., Astell-Burt T., Rahimi-Ardabili H., Feng X., 2021. Green space quality and health: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(21): 11028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111028
Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., 2020. Green infrastructure and health. Annual Review of Public Health 42: 317-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102511
Nordic Council of Ministers, 2022. Policy brief: Unpacking the green recovery spending.
Ogrodnik K., 2017. Współczesne koncepcje zrównoważonego rozwoju miast – wybrane przykłady w teorii i praktyce (Contemporary concepts of sustainable urban development – selected examples in theory and practice). Gospodarowanie przestrzenią w warunkach rozwoju zrównoważonego 67-84.
Pataki D.E., Alberti M., Cadenasso M.L., Felson A.J., McDonnell M.J., Pincetl S., Pouyat R.V., Setal H., Whitlow T.H., 2021. The benefits and limits of urban tree planting for environmental and human health. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 603757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.603757
Patwary M.M., Dzhambov A., Disha A.S., Bardhan M., Haque M.Z., Rahman M.A., Tareq M.F., Browning M.H.E.M., Larson L.R., Alam M.A., Labib S.M., Shuvo F.K., Parkinson C., 2022. Exposure to nature during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated effect on mental health: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Lancet Planetary Health 6: S20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00282-0
Pincetl S., Gillespie T., Pataki D.E., Saatchi S., Saphores J.D., 2013. Urban tree planting programs, function or fashion? Los Angeles and urban tree planting campaigns. Geographical Journal 78: 475-493. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-012-9446-x
Qi J., Chehbouni A., Huete A.R., Kerr Y.H., Sorooshian S., 1994. A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sensing of Environment 48: 119-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90134-1
Report, 2023. Badanie wśród mieszkańców miast dotyczące zieleni miejskiej – jednotematyczne badania świadomości i ekologicznych zachowań mieszkańców Polski (Survey among city residents on urban greenery – single topic research on the awareness and ecological behaviour of Polish citizens). Na zlecenie Ministerstwa Klimatu i Środowiska. Online: https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/3048 (accessed 28 January 2025).
Schwab J.C., 2009. Planning the urban forest: Ecology, economy, and community development. American Planning Association. American Planning Association; Chicago, Illinois, USA
Škamlová L., Wilkaniec A., Szczepańska M., Bačík V., Hencelová P., 2020. The development process and effects from the management of community gardens in two post-socialist cites: Bratislava and Poznań. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 48: 126572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126572
Stangel M., 2023. Urban environmental acupuncture for improving the sustainability of dense city areas – Polish experiences from the SALUTE4CE project. Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 16(1): 15-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0002
Stępniewska M., Mizgajski A., 2023. Usługi ekosystemowe w zarządzaniu układami przyrodniczymi (Ecosystem services in managing environmental systems). Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12657/9788379864690
SUiKZP, 2017. Ordinance No. 8/71/2007 of the Municipality Council in Wolsztyn of 30 May.
Szczepańska M., Staszewska S., 2016. Znaczenie ogrodnictwa miejskiego w procesie rewitalizacji (The importance of urban gardening in the revitalisation process). Problemy Rozwoju Miast 13(3): 33-43.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2021. Sustainable Urban and Periurban Forestry. United Nations, n.d. SDG Indicators. Online: URL https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/?Text=&Goal=11&Target= (accessed 19 January 2025).
WHO, 2016. Urban green spaces and health: A review of evidence. World Health Organization—Regional Office for Europe, Bonn.
Wolch J.R., Byrne J., Newell J.P., 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and Urban Planning 125: 234-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
Wong N.H., Chen Y., 2008. Tropical urban heat islands: Climate, buildings and greenery. Routledge, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203931295
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Magdalena Szczepańska, Klaudia Wyrwa

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
