Adaptive resilience: Functioning of schools in the Wielkopolska region (Poland) during the COVID-19 pandemic
Journal cover Quaestiones Geographicae, volume 44, no. 4, year 2025, title Quaestiones Geographicae
PDF

Keywords

resilience
adaptive resilience
COVID-19 pandemic crisis
school education system

How to Cite

Tobolska, A., & Bogacka, E. (2025). Adaptive resilience: Functioning of schools in the Wielkopolska region (Poland) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quaestiones Geographicae, 44(4), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2025-0044

Abstract

The main aim of the article is to determine the degree of adaptive resilience of the school education system to the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, both on the scale of a selected region, the Wielkopolska region in Poland, and a subregional scale, by poviats (counties). The school education system is one of the region’s social system spheres. The resilience study uses the results of a survey conducted among students, the most important stakeholders of this system. The selection of indicators to measure resilience was based on assessing adaptive actions that determine effective participation in online lessons. The results show a high level of students’ adaptation to the implementation of online classes on a regional scale and quite significant variation on a subregional scale. The article also formulates the assumptions of the adaptive resilience concept of the school education system in relation to the regional resilience concepts established in the literature. The presented concept of analysing the adaptive resilience of the education system assumes ex-post research, which is related to empirical research conducted after the outbreak of the pandemic and after schools had taken adaptive measures.

https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2025-0044
PDF

References

Adger W.N., 2000. Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography 24(3): 347-364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540465

Alizadeh H., Sharifi A., 2021. Analysis of the state of social resilience among different socio-demographic groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 64: 102514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102514

Antonietti R., Boschma R., 2021. Social capital, resilience, and regional diversification in Italy. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography 20(3): 762-777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtaa052

Bogacka E., Hauke J., Tobolska A., Weltrowska J., 2021. Zróżnicowanie postaw społecznych uczniów i nauczycieli z województwa wielkopolskiego w czasie pandemii COVID-19 (Differentiation of social attitudes of students and teachers from the Wielkopolska region during the COVID-19 pandemic). Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.

Borucka A., Ostaszewski K., 2008. Koncepcja odporności. Kluczowe pojęcia i wybrane zagadnienia (The concept of resilience. Key concepts and selected issues). Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego 2: 587-597.

Boschma R., 2015. Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies 49(5): 733-751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.959481

Brakman S., Garretsen H., van Marrewijk C., 2015. Regional resilience across Europe: On urbanisation and the initial impact of the Great Recession. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 8(2): 225-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsv005

Bristow G., Healy A., 2014. Regional resilience: An agency perspective. Regional Studies 48(5): 923-935. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.854879

Bristow G., Healy A. (eds), 2020. Handbook on Regional Economic Resilience. Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785360862.00005

Cainelli G., Ganau R., Modica M., 2019. Industrial relatedness and regional resilience in the European Union. Papers in Regional Science 98(2): 755-778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12377

CERS, 2022. 8th Central European Conference in Regional Science. Resilience of cities and regions in an uncertain time. Book of abstracts. cers.amu.edu.pl/CERS2022_Book%20of%20abstracts.pdf

Cerulli D., Scott M., Aunap R., Kull A., Pärn J., Holbrook J., Mander U., 2020. The role of education in increasing awareness and reducing of natural hazards. Sustainability 12(18): 7623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187623

Champlin C., Sirenko M., Comes T., 2023. Measuring social resilience in cities: An exploratory spatio-temporal analysis of activity routines in urban spaces during Covid-19. Cities 135: 104220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104220

Chmutina K., Lizarralde G., Dainty A., Bosher L., 2016. Unpacking resilience policy discourse. Cities 58: 70-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.017

Clark J.N., 2024. New directions for resilience research: The significance of volume and verticality. Geoforum 157: 104160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2024.104160

Davies S., 2011. Regional resilience in the 2008-2010 downturn: Comparative evidence from European countries. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 4: 369-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsr019

Eisenschmidt E., Ley T., Seitlinger P., Tammets K., 2024. Exploring leaders’ perceptions of school resilience during COVID-19: Constructing the framework for school development. International Journal of Educational Research Open 7: 1000375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2024.100375

Figueiredo L., Hoidens T., Schumann A., 2018. Indicators for resilient cities. OECD regional development. Working Papers, 2018/02. OECD Publishing, Paris.

Fraser T., Aldrich D.P., 2021. The dual effect of social ties on covid-19 spread in Japan. Scientific Reports 11: 1596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81001-4

Gong H., Hassink R., 2017. Regional resilience: The critique revisited. In: Williams N., Vorley T. (eds), Creating resilient economies: Entrepreneurship, growth and development in uncertain times. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785367649.00021

Han Y., Goetz S.J., 2015. The economic resilience of US counties during the Great Recession. The Review of Regional Studies 45(2): 131-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.8059

Kaya D.A., Eraydin A., 2012. Social resilience as a framework for evaluating the impacts of urban transformations on different social groups [Paper presented at the meeting of AESOP]. Ankara.

Kakderi C., Tasopoulou A., 2017. Regional economic resilience: The role of national and regional policies. European Planning Studies 25(8): 1435-1453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1322041

Kimhi S., Marciano H., Eshel Y., Adini B., 2020. Recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: Distress and resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50: 101843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101843

MacKinnon D., Derickson K.D., 2013. From resilience to resourcefulness. A critique of resilience policy and activism. Progress in Human Geography 37(2): 253-270. Martin R., 2012. Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography 12: 1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512454775

Martin R., Sunley P., 2015. On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography 15(1): 1-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu015

Masik G., 2018. An agency perspective of resilience: The case of Pomorskie region. European Planning Studies 26(5): 1060-1077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1436700

Masik G., 2019. Sektory gospodarcze w badaniach odporności ekonomicznej regionów (Economic sectors in the research of economic resilience of regions). Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego 33(1): 117-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.331.9

Masik G., 2020. Miary odporności gospodarczej, społecznej i instytucjonalnej (Measures of economic, social and institutional resilience). Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego 34(1): 32-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24917/20801653.341.3

Masik G., 2022a. Koncepcja odporności systemów społeczno-ekologicznych wobec innych aktualnych koncepcji rozwoju oraz uwagi krytyczne (The concept of resilience of socio-ecological systems to other current development concepts and critical remarks). Prace i Studia Geograficzne 67(2): 7-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48128/pisg/2022-67.2-01

Masik G., 2022b. The concept of resilience: Dimensions, properties of resilient systems and spatial scales of resilience. Geographia Polonica 95(4): 295-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0237

Masik G., 2024. Social resilience of young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case of the Gdansk – Gdynia – Sopot metropolitan area in Poland. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 23(4): 377-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31648/aspal.9334

Masik G., Rzyski S., 2014. Resilience of Pomorskie region to economic crisis. In: Szymańska D., Środa-Murawska S. (eds), Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 25. Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, Toruń. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0034

Masik G., Sagan I., 2016. Strategie i instrumenty wspierające odporność gospodarczą. Przykłady wybranych regionów europejskich (Strategies and tools supporting economic resilience: The case of some European regions). Studia Regionalne i Lokalne 4(66): 5-29.

OECD, 2014. Overview paper on resilient economies and societies. Online: https://www.oecd.org/mcm/C-MIN(2014)7-ENG.pdf (accessed 8 January 2025).

Plebańska M., Szyller A., Sieńczewska M., 2021. Co zmieniło się w edukacji zdalnej podczas trwania pandemii? Raport z badania, marzec 2021 (What has changed in remote learning during the pandemic? Research Report, March 2021). Online: https://files.librus.pl/art/21/04/4/a_nauczanie_zdalne_oczami_nauczycieli_i_uczniow_RAPORT_II.pdf (accessed 8 January 2025).

Ptaszek G., Stunża G.D., Pyżalski J., Dębski M., Bigaj M., 2020. Zdalna edukacja – co się stało z uczniami, ich rodzicami i nauczycielami? (Remote learning – what happened to students, their parents and teachers?) Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne Sp. z o.o., Gdańsk. ISBN 978-83-7489-867-6. Online: https://zdalnenauczanie.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/edukacja-zdalna.pdf (accessed 8 January 2025).

Report of the Minister of Education and Science, 2021. Zapewnienie funkcjonowania jednostek systemu oświaty w okresie epidemii COVID-19 (Ensuring the functioning of education system units during the COVID-19 epidemic). Ministry of Education and Science, Warsaw. Online: https://www.gov.pl/web/edukacja/raport-mein-covid-19 (accessed 8 January 2025).

Schubert R., Wu T., Busic-Sontic A., Borzino N., Joerin J., 2024. Social Resilience during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Comparisons between Singapore and Switzerland. Natural Hazards Review 25(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-2034

Speranza Ch.I., Wiesmann U., Rist S., 2014. An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of social-ecological dynamics. Global Environmental Change 28: 109-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.005

Szendi D., Tóth G., Nagy Z., 2022. Comparative analysis of the complex resilience index – a Hungarian pilot study. Online: https://cers.amu.edu.pl/ (accessed 8 January 2025).

Tobolska A., Bogacka E., Hauke J., Weltrowska J., 2021. Differentiation of social attitudes of students and academic teachers in Wielkopolska region during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.

UNICEF, 2020. Building resilient education systems beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations for education decision-makers at national, local and school levels. UNICEF Europe and Central Asia.

Weichselgartner J., Kelman I., 2015. Geographies of resilience: Challenges and opportunities of a descriptive concept. Progress in Human Geography 39(3): 249-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513518834

Williams N., Vorley T., 2014. Economic resilience and entrepreneurship: Lessons from the Sheffield City Region. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26 (3-4): 257-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.894129

Wilson G., 2018. ‘Constructive tensions’ in resilience research: Critical reflections from a human geography perspective. The Geographical Journal 184: 89-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12232

Wink R., 2014. Regional economic resilience: European experiences and policy issues. Raumforschung und Raumordnung 72: 85-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13147-013-0265-4

World Bank Group, 2021. Remote learning during ­COVID-19: Lessons from today, principles for tomorrow. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/160271637074230077

Xiao J., Boschma R., Andersson M., 2018. Resilience in the European Union: The effect of the 2008 crisis on the ability of regions in Europe to develop new industrial specializations. Industrial and Corporate Change 27(1): 15-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtx023

Zakrzewska-Półtorak A., 2015. Odporność gospodarki regionalnej i miejskiej na wstrząsy w świetle ewolucyjnej geografii ekonomicznej (Regional and urban economic resilience in the light of evolutionary economic geography). Studia KPZK 164: 108-119.