Abstract
The fragmentation of national approaches underscores the need for international research to better understand the preferences and limitations of tourist travel for people with disabilities (PwD). This study, conducted between 2023 and 2024 on 1175 PwD across eight European countries, follows a standardised methodology under the Erasmus+ programme. It examines participation, preferences, and barriers in tourism based on disability type, providing a broader, cross-national perspective. The presentation of findings in multiple national languages ensures the inclusion of diverse PwD voices in the global discussion. The results highlight differences in endogenic and exogenic factors influencing travel decisions and experiences, as well as varying needs for support and accessibility solutions. Key conclusions emphasise the need for further research and action in three areas: barriers to travel differ by disability type; need for pre-travel support systems; and customised assistance and accessibility solutions. Beyond their academic value, these findings have significant practical implications for the tourism industry, supporting the development of more inclusive services, improving service quality, and enhancing market competitiveness.
Funding
The research was conducted as part of the international Erasmus Plus project entitled “The development of the innovative educational method of ACCESSIBLE tourism in Central Europe” under the registration number KA220-HED-7498581E.
References / Bibliography
Allan M., 2015. Accessible tourism in Jordan: Travel constraints and motivations. European Journal of Tourism Research 10: 109-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v10i.182
Al-Rashaida M., López-Paz J.F., Amayra I., Lázaro E., Martínez O., Berrocoso S., Garcia M., Pérez M., 2018. Factors affecting the satisfaction of people with disability in relation to vocational rehabilitation programs: A literature review. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 49(1): 97-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-180957
Bauer I., 2018. When travel is a challenge: Travel medicine and the ‘dis-abled’ traveller. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 22: 66-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.02.001
Bergier B., Bergier J., Kubińska Z., 2010. Environmental determinants of participation in tourism and recreation of people with varying degrees of disability. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 73(17-18): 1134-1140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.491042
Bianchi P., Cappelletti G.M., Mafrolla E., Sica E., Sisto R., 2020. Accessible tourism in natural park areas: A social network analysis to discard barriers and provide information for people with disabilities. Sustainability 12(23): 9915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239915
Blichfeldt B.S., Nicolaisen J., 2011. Disabled travel: Not easy, but doable. Current Issues in Tourism 14(1): 79-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903370159
Brumbaugh S., 2018. Travel patterns of American adults with disabilities. Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
Buhalis D., Michopoulou E., 2011. Information-enabled tourism destination marketing: Addressing the accessibility market. Current Issues in Tourism 14(2): 145-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683501003653361
Burnett J.J., Bender-Baker H., 2001. Assessing the travel-related behaviors of the mobility-disabled consumer. Journal of Travel Research 40(1): 4-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750104000102
Casas I., 2007. Social exclusion and the disabled: An accessibility approach. The Professional Geographer 59(4): 463-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00635.x
Cavinato J.L., Cuckovich M.L., 1992. Transportation and tourism for the disabled: An assessment. Transportation Journal 31(3): 46-53.
Chen R.J.C., 2004. Uses of hospitality and leisure services: Voices of visitors with disabilities. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure 1: 89-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1745-3542(04)01006-9
Chikuta O., Plessis E., Saayman M., 2017. Nature-based travel motivations for people with disabilities. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 6(1): 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2018.1447509
Cityfriend, 2025. Dati turismo accessible Italia mondo (Data on accessible tourism in Italy and worldwide). Online: https://www.cityfriend.it/blog-senza-barriere/news/dati-turismo-accessible-italia-mondo (accessed 19 May 2026).
Cole S., Zhang Y., Wang W., Hu C.M., 2019. The influence of accessibility and motivation on leisure travel participation of people with disabilities. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 36(1): 119-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1496218
Corran P., Steinbach R., Saunders L., Green J., 2018. Age, disability and everyday mobility in London: An analysis of the correlates of ‘non-travel’ in travel diary data. Journal of Transport & Health 8: 129-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.12.008
Daniels M.J., Drogin Rodgers E.B., Wiggins B.P., 2005. ‘Travel Tales’: An interpretive analysis of constraints and negotiations to pleasure travel as experienced by persons with physical disability. Tourism Management 26(6): 919-930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.06.010
Darcy S., 2002. Marginalised participation: Physical disability, high support needs and tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 9(1): 61-72.
Darcy S., 2004. Practice note: Harmony and certainty? The status of the draft access to premises standard. Annals of Leisure Research 7(2): 158-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2004.10600948
Darcy S., 2010. Inherent complexity: Disability, accessible tourism and accommodation information preferences. Tourism Management 31: 816-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.010
Darcy S., McKercher B., Schweinsberg S., 2020. From tourism and disability to accessible tourism: A perspective article. Tourism Review 75(1): 140-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-07-2019-0323
Dattilo J., 2017. Inclusive leisure services (4th ed.). Urbana, IL: Sagamore-Venture Publishing.
Domínguez Vila T., Alén González E., Darcy S., 2020. Accessibility of tourism websites: The level of countries’ commitment. Universal Access in the Information Society 19: 331-346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-019-00643-4
Eichhorn V., Miller G., Tribe J., 2013. Tourism: A site of resistance strategies of individuals with a disability. Annals of Tourism Research 43: 578-600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.006
Ermagun A., Hajivosough S., Samimi A., Rashidi T.H., 2016. A joint model for trip purpose and escorting patterns of the disabled. Travel Behaviour and Society 3: 51-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2015.08.002
Eusébio C., Alves J.P., Carneiro M.J., Teixeira L., 2024. Needs, motivations, constraints and benefits of people with disabilities participating in tourism activities: The view of formal caregivers. Annals of Leisure Research 27(5): 599-623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2023.2190141
Givon M., 1984. Variety seeking through brand switching. Marketing Science 3(1): 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.3.1.1
Legohérel P., Hsu C.H., Daucé B., 2015. Variety-seeking: Using the CHAID segmentation approach in analyzing the international traveler market. Tourism Management 46: 359-366.
Gonda T., 2021. Travelling habits of people with disabilities. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 37(3): 844-850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.37315-717
Gröschl S., 2007. An exploration of HR policies and practices affecting the integration of persons with disabilities in the hotel industry in major Canadian tourism destinations. International Journal of Hospitality Management 26: 666-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2006.05.007
Israeli A., 2002. A preliminary investigation of the importance of site accessibility factors for disabled tourists. Journal of Travel Research 41(1): 101-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750204100114
Iudici A., Bertoli L., Faccio E., 2017. The ‘invisible’ needs of women with disabilities in transportation systems. Crime Prevention and Community Safety 19: 264-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0031-6
Kastenholz E., Eusébio C., Figueiredo E., 2015. Contributions of tourism to social inclusion of persons with disability. Disability & Society 30(8): 1259-1281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1075868
Kim S., Lehto X.Y., 2013. Travel by families with children possessing disabilities: Motives and activities. Tourism Management 37: 13-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.011
Legohérel P., Hsu C.H., Daucé B., 2015. Variety-seeking: Using the CHAID segmentation approach in analyzing the international traveler market. Tourism Management 46: 359-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.011
Liu Y.Y., Koseoglu M.A., Wong A.K.F., Kim S.S., 2023. Contributions of people with disabilities to the research on the intellectual structure of the hospitality and tourism literature. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 54: 42-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.10.007
Luther A., 2013. Tourists with severe disability. In: Botterill D., Pennings G., Mainil T. (eds), Medical tourism and transnational health care. London, Palgrave Macmillan: 64-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137338495_5
Lyu S., 2017. Which accessible travel products are people with disabilities willing to pay more? A choice experiment. Tourism Management 59: 404-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.002
Malagas K., Nugraha R.A., Alepis S., Nikitakos N., Christiawan R., Sacharissa V., 2023. Towards a better policy for airline passengers with reduced mobility. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 119: 141-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2023.119.8
McAlister L., 1982. A dynamic attribute satiation model of variety seeking behavior. Journal of Consumer Research 9(2): 141-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/208907
McAlister L., Pessemier E., 1982. Variety seeking behavior: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Consumer Research 9: 311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/208926
McGuckin N.A., Fucci A., 2018. Summary of travel trends: 2017 National Household Travel Survey. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration: 31. Online: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68751 (accessed 19 May 2026).
Mills J.E., Han J-H., Clay J.M., 2008. Accessibility of hospitality and tourism web sites: A challenge for visually impaired persons. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 49: 28-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965507311499
Ministry of Sport and Tourism (Poland), 2019. Aktywność turystyczna osób niepełnosprawnych (Tourist activity of people with disabilities). Online: https://www.gov.pl/web/sport/turystyka-osob-z-niepelnosprawnosciami (accessed 19 May 2026).
Moura A.F.A., Kastenholz E., Pereira A.M.S., 2018. Accessible tourism and its benefits for coping with stress. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 10(3): 241-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2017.1409750
Moura A., Eusébio C., Devile E., 2023. The ‘why’ and ‘what for’ of participation in tourism activities: Travel motivations of people with disabilities. Current Issues in Tourism 26(6): 941-957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2044292
Office of the Government Plenipotentiary for Disabled People, 2025. Online: https://niepelnosprawni.gov.pl/ (accessed 19 May 2026).
Özcan E., Topcu Z.G., Araslı H., 2021. Determinants of travel participation and experiences of wheelchair users traveling to the Bodrum region: A qualitative research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(5): 2218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052218
Ozturk Y., Yayli A., Yesiltas M., 2008. Is the Turkish tourism industry ready for a disabled customer’s market? The views of hotel and travel agency managers. Tourism Management 29: 382-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.011
Páez A., Farber S., 2012. Participation and desire: Leisure activities among Canadian adults with disabilities. Transportation 39: 1055-1078. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-012-9385-x
Poria Y., Reichel A., Brandt Y., 2010. The flight experiences of people with disabilities: An exploratory study. Journal of Travel Research 49: 216-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509336477
Poria Y., Reichel A., Brandt Y., 2011. Dimensions of hotel experience of people with disability: An exploratory study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 23(5): 571-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111111143340
MMGY Global, 2022. Portrait of travelers with disabilities: Mobility and accessibility. Online: https://www.mmgyglobal.com/news/portrait-of-travelers-with-disabilities/ (accessed 19 May 2026).
Quintana I.L., Ortuzar A.M., 2018. The leisure experience of young people with disabilities. SIPS – Pedagogía Social. Revista Interuniversitaria 31: 109-121.
Ray N.M., Ryder M.E., 2003. ‘Ebilities’ tourism: An exploratory discussion of the travel needs and motivations of the mobility-disabled. Tourism Management 24: 57-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00037-7
Schmöcker J.-D., Quddus M.A., Noland R.B., Bell M.G.H., 2008. Mode choice of older and disabled people: A case study of shopping trips in London. Journal of Transport Geography 16: 257-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.07.002
Shaw G., Coles T., 2004. Disability, holiday making and the tourism industry in the UK: A preliminary survey. Tourism Management 25(3): 397-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00139-0
Shen X., Zheng S., Wang R., Li Q., Xu Z., Wang X., Wu J., 2023. Disabled travel and urban environment: A literature review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 115: 103589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103589
Smith R.W., 1987. Leisure of disabled tourists: Barriers to participation. Annals of Tourism Research 14: 376-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90109-5
Sweeney M., 2004. Travel patterns of older Americans with disabilities. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, Special Reports and Issue Briefs.
Tantawy A., Kim W.G., Pyo S., 2005. Evaluation of hotels to accommodate disabled visitors. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism 5(1): 91-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J162v05n01_07
Teixeira P., Eusébio C., Teixeira L., 2021. Diversity of web accessibility in tourism: Evidence based on a literature review. Technology and Disability 33(4): 253-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/TAD-210341
Tourism Research Australia, 2024. Travellers with accessibility needs in Australia. Australian Government, Australian Trade and Investment Commission. Online: https://www.tra.gov.au/en/economic-analysis/accessible-tourism-in-australia (accessed 19 May 2026).
Valverde Á.C., Rabanaque T.V., Sánchez-Padilla R., 2024. Accessibility of information and accessibility information: Perceptions of people with disability on tourism services. Cuadernos de Turismo 53: 43-68.
Wall-Reinius S., Godtman Kling K., Ioannides D., 2023. Access to nature for persons with disabilities: Perspectives and practices of Swedish tourism providers. Tourism Planning & Development 20(3): 336-354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2022.2160489
World Bank Group, 2025. Disability. Online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability (accessed 19 May 2026).
Yau M.K., McKercher B., Packer T.L., 2004. Travelling with a disability: More than an access issue. Annals of Tourism Research 31: 946-960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.007
Zajadacz A., 2014. Sources of tourist information used by Deaf people. Case study: The Polish Deaf community. Current Issues in Tourism 17(5): 434-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.725713
Zhang Y., Cole S., Ricci P., Gao J., 2019a. Context-based leisure travel facilitation among people with mobility challenges: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Travel Research 58(1): 42-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517741004
Zhang Y., Gao J., Cole S., Ricci P., 2019b. Beyond accessibility: Empowering mobility-impaired customers with motivation differentiation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31(9): 3503-3525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2018-0663
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Alina Zajadacz, Matylda Siwek, Paweł Sowa, Tibor Gonda

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
