Abstract
Present study is on the interdependent nature of hydraulic parameters and morphometric variables of a bedrock river. In this study, using dumpy level, GPS, satellite images and some mathematical equations a data set on hydraulics and morphometric variables of a bedrock channel, named Bhatajhor, of eastern India was generated. That data set was used to (1) find out impulse-response relations between hydraulic variables (2) find out relations between morphometric variables and (3) find out relations between hydraulic and morphometric variables. Seven equations (5–11) were formulated based on this empirical study to the end. The seven empirical relations, most of which include only two variables, involve channel cross-section dimensions (area, width, mean depth, maximum depth, width/depth ratio, hydraulic radius), slope and hydraulic variables (velocity, kinetic energy, stream power, Manning’s n factor, Chezy’s C factor and shear stress). Observation shows relatively higher coefficient of determination (R2) between variables like velocity and Manning’s n factor (0.67), velocity and Chezy’s C factor (0.67), slope and τ (0.89), w/d ratio and hydraulic radius (0.53), slope and w/d ratio (0.50).
References
Ashley G.M., Renwick W.H., Haag G.H., 1988. Channel form and process in bedrock and alluvial reaches of the Raritan River, New Jersey. Geology, 16: 436–439. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0436: CFAPIB>2.3.CO;2.
Battin T.J., 2008. Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks. Nature Geoscience 1: 95–100
Berner R.A., Berner E.K., 1996. Global Environment: Water, Air, and Geochemical Cycles. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 376
Charlton R., 2008. Fundamentals of fluvial Geomorphology. Routledge, London–New York: 10–20.
Das B.C., 2015. Modeling of most efficient channel form: a quantitative approach. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment. DOI: 10.1007/s40808-015-0013-6.
Foley M.G., 1980. Quaternary diversion and incision, Dearborn River, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin 91: 2152–2188.
Furguson R.I., 1973. Channel pattern and sediment type. Area 5: 38–41.
Gaillardet J., Dupre B., Allegr C.J., 1999. Geochemistry of large river suspended sediments: Silicate weathering or recycling tracer. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 63: 4037–4051
Galy A., France-Lanord C., 2001. Higher erosion rates in the Himalaya: geochemical constraints on riverine fluxes. Geology 29: 23–26
Galy V., France-Lanord C., Beyssac O., Faure P., Kudrass H., Palhol F., 2007. Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system. Nature 450: 407–410
Gordon N.D., McMahon T.A., Finlayson B.L., 2004. Stream Hydrology An Introduction for Ecologists. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Gurnell A., Petts G., Hannah D. et al. 2001. Riparian vegetation and island formation along the gravel-bed Fiume Tagliamento, Italy. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26: 31–62.
Hancock G.S., Anderson R.S., Whipple K.X., 1998. Beyond power: Bedrock river incision process and form. In: Tinkler K.J., Wohl E.E. (eds), Rivers over rock: Fluvial processes in bedrock channels. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 107: 1–323.
Harvey A.M., 1969. Channel capacity and the adjustment of stream morphology to hydrologic regime. J. Hydrol. 8: 82–98.
Huggett R.J., 2002. Fundamentals of Geomorphology. Third edition. Routledge: 21–23
IPCC, Climate Change 2007 Synthesis Report, 2007. An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: 73.
Itakura M., Ikeda H., 1997. On the channel configuration of plane-bed bedrock channels on the upper Obitsu River basin. Bulletin of the Environmental Research Center 22: 9–21.
Kale V.S., Joshi V.U., 2004. Evidence of formation of potholes in bedrock on human timescale: Indrayani River, Pune District, Maharashtra. Current Science 86: 723–726.
Knighton D.A., 1998. Fluvial Forms and Processes: A New Perspective. Arnold, London.
Kobor J.S., Roering J.J., 2004. Systematic variation of bedrock channel gradients in the central Oregon Coast Range: Implications for rock uplift and shallow landsliding. Geomorphology 62: 239–256. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.013.
Leopold L.B., Wolman M.G., Miller J.P., 1992. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. Dover Publications, INC, New York.
Leopold L.B., Maddock T., Jr., 1953. The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 252: 1–57.
Marzadri A., Tonina D., Bellin A., Vignoli G., Tubino M., 2010. Semi-analytical analysis of hyporheic flow induced by alternate bars. Water Resources Research 46: W07531. DOI: 10.1029/2009WR008285.
Miller J.R., 1991. The influence of bedrock geology on knickpoint development and channel bed configuration along downcutting streams in south-central Indiana. Journal of Geology 99: 591–605.
Montgomery D.R., Gran K.B., 2001. Downstream variations in the width of bedrock channels. Water Resources Research 7: 1841–1846.
Mosselman E., 2012. Modelling Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics of Gravel-bed Rivers. In: Church M., Biron P.M., Roy A.G. (eds), Gravel-bed Rivers: Processes, Tools, Environments. First Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mukhopadhyay S.C., 1980. Geomorphology of the Subarnarekha Basin. the University of Burdwan, Calcutta.
Nikora V., Roy A.G., 2012. Secondary Flows in Rivers: Theoretical Framework, Recent Advances, and Current Challenges. In: Church M., Biron P.M., Roy A.G. (eds), Gravel-bed Rivers: Processes, Tools, Environments. First Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 18.
Raymo M.E., Ruddiman W.F., 1992. Tectonic forcing of Late Cenozoic climate. Nature 359: 117–122
Raymo M.E., Ruddiman W.F., Froelich P.N., 1988. Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles. Geology 16: 649–653.
Reusser L.J., Bierman P.R., Pavich M.J., Zen E., Larsen J., Finkel R., 2004. Rapid Late Pleistocene incision of Atlantic passive-margin river gorges. Science 305: 499–502.
Rhoads B.L., 1992. Statistical models of fluvial systems. Geomorphology 5: 433–455.
Richardson K., Carling P.A., 2005. A Typology of SculptedForms in Open Bedrock Channels. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 392.
Righter K., 1997. High bedrock incision rates in the Atanguillo River valley, Jalisco, western Mexico. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22: 337–344. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199704)22:43.3.CO;2-T.
Schumm S.A., 1971. Fluvial Geomorphology: the historical perspective. In: Shen H.W. (ed.), River mechanics. Vol. I. Fort Collins, CO.
Seidl M.A., Weissel J.K., Pratson L.F., 1996. Kinematics of escarpmentbretreat across the rifted continental margin of S.E. Australia: Basin Research 8: 301–316. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.00266.x.
Selby M.J., 1985. Earth’s changing surface. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 262, 607.
Smith D.I., Greenaway M.A., Moses C., Spate A.P., 1995. Limestone weathering in eastern Australia. P. 1. Erosion rates. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20: 451–463.
Stevens M.A., Simons D.B., Richardson E.V., 1975. Nonequilibrium river form. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, 101 (HY5): 557–567
Tinkler K.J., Wohl E.E., 1998. Rivers over Rock: Fluvial Processes in bed rock channels. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Tinkler K.J., Parish J., 1998. Recent adjustments to the long profile of Cooksville Creek, an urbanized bedrock channel in Mississauga, Ontario. In: Tinkler K.J., Wohl E.E. (eds), Rivers over rock: Fluvial processes in bedrock channels. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 107: 1–323.
Weissel J.K., Seidl M.A., 1997. Influence of rock strength properties on escarpment retreat across passive continental margins. Geology 25: 631–634. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0631: IORSPO>2.3.CO;2.
Weissel J.K., Seidl M.A., 1998. Inland propagation of erosional escarpments and river profile evolution across the southeast Australian passive continental margin. In: Tinkler K.J., Wohl E.E. (eds), Rivers over rock: Fluvial processes in bedrock channels. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 107: 1–323.
Wende R., 1999. Boulder bed forms in jointed-bedrock channels. In: Miller A.J., Gupta A. (eds), Varieties of fluvial form. Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Whipple K.X., Hancock G.S., Anderson R.S., 2000. River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion and cavitation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112: 490–503. DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<490: RIIBMA>2.3.CO; 2.
Whipple K.X., Snyder N.P., Dollenmayer K., 2000b. Rates and processes of bedrock incision by the Upper Ukak River since the 1912 Novarupta ash flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska. Geology 28: 835–838. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<835: RAPOBI>2.3.CO;2.
Wohl E.E., 2000. Substrate influences on step-pool sequences in the Christopher Creek drainage, Arizona. Journal of Geology 108: 121–129.
Wohl E.E., Achyuthan H., 2002. Substrate influences on incisedchannel morphology. Journal of Geology 110: 115– 120. DOI: 10.1086/324207.
Wohl E.E., Grodek T., 1994. Channel bed-steps along Nahal-Yael, Negev Desert, Israel. Geomorphology 9: 117–126.
Wohl E.E., Ikeda H., 1998. Patterns of bedrock channel erosion on the Boso Peninsula, Japan. Journal of Geology 106: 331–345.
Wohl E.E., Merritt D.M., 2001. Bedrock channel morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113: 1205–1212.
License
© Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz UniversityThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.