Abstract
This paper employs the art-historical and descriptive-analytical methods to discuss the history of Metabolism in Singapore. Firstly, it discusses the conceptual and philosophical underpinnings of Metabolism with recurring themes of organic and technological terminologies to organize the modern city. It then reviews the current literature on Metabolism, emphasizing the contributions made to the analysis of Metabolism as a philosophy and an architectural movement. The paper then uses as examples the buildings which were designed and built in Singapore by Tange Kenzō and Maki Fumihiko. However, the influence of Metabolism was felt in Singapore even earlier through local architects who were inspired by its principles of designing residential and commercial spaces by means of incorporating modularity, communal living, and green urbanism into the design. Finally, the paper reflects on the influence of Metabolism on current green architecture movements in Singapore.
References
Aloysiustwz 2015. A view from above: Academic spines of NTU. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_view_from_above_-_Academic_Spines_of_NTU.jpg [access date: 12 April 2021].
Cairns, Stephen, Lilian Chee, Jane Jacobs (eds.) 2014. “Republic Polytechnic”. architecture/Singapore, October 14. URL: https://architecturesingapore.wordpress.com/2014/10/14/republicpolytechnic/ [access date: 12 April 2021].
DesignSingapore Council 2009. “Design of the year | Republic Polytechnic”. President's design award 2009. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20120311085157/http://www.designsingapore.org/pda_public/gallery.aspx?sid=50 [access date: 20 April 2021].
Kusolpalin, Pattarin 2016. “Nanyang Technological University”. Singapore Infopedia, March 9. URL: https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2016-03-09_132926.html [access date: 10 April 2021].
Japan Times 2016. “Atsushi Shimokobe, key architect of national development projects, dies at 92”. Japan Times, 16 August 16. URL: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/16/national/atsushi-shimokobe-key-architect-for-national-development-projects-dies-at-92/ [access date: 20 April 2021].
Lambiasi, James 2022. “Farewell to the Nakagin Capsule Tower: a brief but exquisite glimpse into a metabolist future”. DNP Museum Information Artscape Japan. URL: https://artscape.jp/artscape/eng/focus/2207_02.html [access date: 6 October 2022].
Lim, Fiona, Jamie Han, Justin Zhuang 2016. “William Lim Siew Wa”. Singapore Infopedia, 1 April 1. URL: https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2016-04-01_161334.html. [access date: 10 April 2021].
Lin, Zhongjie 2010. Kenzo Tange and the metabolist movement: urban utopias of modern Japan. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203860304
National Heritage Board 2009. “Heritage trails :: marked historic sites listing :: United Overseas Bank”. Accessed via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20101012000325/http:// heritagetrails.sg/content/635/United_Overseas_Bank.html [access date: 16 April 2021].
National Library Board 2020. “UOB Plaza”. Curiocity. URL: https://curiocity.nlb.gov.sg/resource-room/before-and-after/uob-plaza#:~:text=Built%20in%201974%20on%20the,storey%20skyscraper%20next%20to%20it. [access date: 17 April 2021].
Ng, Michelle 2020. “Golden Mile Complex to be conserved, with incentives to attract developers in future en bloc sale: URA”. The Straits Times. URL: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/housing/golden-mile-complexproposed-for-conservation. [access date: 12 April 2021].
Ng Keng, Gene 2021. “Conservation of Golden Mile Complex paves way to protect S’pore’s modernist buildings.” The Straits Times. URL: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/debrief-conservation-of-goldenmile-complex-paves-way-to-protect-spores-modernist [access date: 1 November 2021].
Ohno, Kenichi n.d. “12. Economic maturity and slowdown: 1970s –80s”. URL: https://www.grips.ac.jp/teacher/oono/hp/lecture_J/lec12.htm#:~:text=Japan%20slows%20down,near%20zero%20in%20the%201990s [access date: 11 April 2021].
Ong, Terrence 2006. Singapore skyline (Raffles Place) by day from the other side of the Singapore River. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_skyline.JPG#file [access date: 10 February 2023].
Ota, Kayoko, Rem Koolhaas, Hans Ulrich Obrist, James Westcott (eds.) 2011. Project Japan Metabolism talks: an oral history by Rem Koolhaas, Hans Ulrich Obrist. Köln: Taschen.
OUB Centre Limited 2014. “History”. OUB Centre Limited. URL: http://www.oubcentre.com.sg/onerafflesplace-history.html [access date: 17 April 2021].
Rakshit, Kunal 2015. “Fumihiko Maki and collective form: Three paradigms”. Archcritik, 24 May. URL: https://archcritik.com/2015/05/24/fumihiko-maki-and-collective-form-three-paradigms/ [access date: 10 April 2021].
Red Dot GmbH & Co. KG 2020. “Metabolist regeneration of a dementia nation”. Red Dot. URL: https://www.red-dot.org/project/metabolistregeneration-of-a-dementia-nation-48348 [access date: 15 April 2021].
Republic Polytechnic 2006. A reflecting pool in the Woodlands campus of Republic Polytechnic in Singapore. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RepublicPolytechnic-reflectingpool-20061129.jpg#metadata [access date: 10 February 2023].
The Hyatt Foundation 1987. “Kenzo Tange 1987 laureate ceremony acceptance speech”. The Pritzker Architecture Prize, 2 May 2. URL: https://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/Kenzo_Tange_Acceptance_Speech_1987.pdf [access date 12: April 2021].
Vsion 2005. Singapore Map, Concept Plan 2001 URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Concept2001_v10.png [access date: 10 February 2023].
Xue, Charlie Q. L., Jing Xiao 2014. “Japanese modernity deviated: its importation and legacy in the southeast Asian architecture since the 1970s”. Habitat International 44 (2014): 227–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.011
Zhuang, Justin 2015. “S.P.U.R: The Future Was Already Here”. Justin Zhuang, 1 October. URL: http://justinzhuang.com/posts/s-p-u-r-the-futurewas-already-here/ [access date: 12 April 2021].
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jose Lorenzo Novenario
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.