NO MORE GRID GIRLS AT FORMULA ONE: THE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HOSTESSES’ SEXUALIZED BODIES, OBJECTIFICATION, AND FEMALE AGENCY
PDF

Keywords

female body
objectification
agency
hostesses
sport
Formula One

Number of views: 2132


Number of downloads: 1370

Abstract

At the beginning of 2018, Liberty Media, the owner of Formula One (hereafter, F1), decided to drop so-called grid girls from the race weekends beginning with the 2018 season, which has created an opportunity to analyze the perception of hostesses’ status and their bodies in contemporary sport. The discourse on the decision and the partial concessions in its enforcement is analyzed within the theoretical framework related to second and third waves of the feminist movement and the concepts of sexual objectification and agency. The results reveal that the grid girls’ presence is perceived both as unsuitable for modern times, values and #metoo culture climate and as “normal” and a “good tradition.” Additionally, the grid girls themselves accuse feminists of having caused them to lose their jobs, arguing that, although their positions are based on physical attractiveness and a sexualized body, it has been done by them voluntarily and with pleasure. The discourse on gird girls in F1 fits into the critical discourses on female (sexualized) body images in sport, but, on the other hand, it includes persons who have usually not been taken into account because of their auxiliary role in sports events.

https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.2018.2.1.07
PDF

References

Adams, Natalie and Pamela Bettis. 2003. “Commanding the Room in Short Skirts. Cheering as the Embodiment of Ideal Girlhood.” Gender & Society 17(1): 73‒91. DOI: 10.1177/0891243202238979

Anderson, Eric. 2011. “Masculinities and Sexualities in Sport and Physical Cultures: Three Decades of Evolving Research.” Journal of Homosexuality 5: 565–578. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2011.563652

Balkmar, Dag. 2012. On Men and Cars. An ethnographic study of gendered, risky and dangerous relations. University dissertation from Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press.

Bettis, Pamela and Natalie Adams. 2006. “Short Skirts and Breast Juts: Cheerleading, Eroticism and Schools.” Sex Education 6(2): 121–133. DOI: 10.1080/14681810600578800

Bissell, Kimberly L. and Andrea M. Duke. 2007. “Bump, set, spike: An analysis of commentary and camera angles of women’s beach volleyball during the 2004 Summer Olympics.” Journal of Promotion Management 13: 35–53. DOI: 10.1300/J057v13n01_04

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2004. Męska dominacja [Masculine domination – Polish edition]. Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa.

Boyatzis, Richard E. 1998. Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Braun, Virginia and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using thematic analysis in psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Brennan, Siofra. 2018. “From a ‘60s Japanese pop star to Katie Price and Love Island’s Olivia Atwood: How the grid girl ban spells the end of a long and VERY colourful part of Formula One history.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5336079/Grid-girl-ban-spellsend-colourful-Formula-One.html).

Burstyn, Varda. 2004. The Rites of Men: Manhood, Politics, and the Culture of Sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Claringbould, Inge and Annelies Knoppers. 2012. “Paradoxical practices of gender in sport-related organizations.” Journal of Sport Management 26(5): 404-416. DOI: 10.1123/jsm.26.5.404

Connell, Raewyn W. 1987. Gender and Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Connell Raewyn W. and James W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19(6): 829 – 859. DOI: 10.1177/0891243205278639

Davis, Paul. 2010. “Sexualization and sexuality in sport.” Pp. 57-63. In Philosophical perspectives on gender in sport and physical activity, edited by P. Davis and C. Weaving. London: Routledge.

Fine, Michelle. 2002. Disruptive Voices: The Possibilities for Feminist Research. Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press.

Fink, Janet. 2015. “Female athletes, women’s sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”?”, Sport Management Review 18(3): 331-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.001

“Formuła 1: “grid girls” wrócą na tor w Monte Carlo. “Monako to nie jest Spa czy Monza”.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://www.polskieradio.pl/43/279/Artykul/2090304,Formula-1-grid-girlswroca-na-tor-w-Monte-Carlo-Monako-to-nie-jest-Spa-czy-Monza).

“Formuła 1. “Grid kids” zastąpią “grid girls””. 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. (http://www.sport.pl/F1/7,96296,22987584,formula-1-grid-kids-zastapia-grid-girls.html)

“Formuła 1. Grid kids zastąpią grid girls. Środowisko protestuje.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.sport.pl/F1/56,96296,22988041,formula-1-grid-kids-zastapia-grid-girls.html).

“Formuła 1 już bez grid girls. Piękne kobiety nie pojawią się podczas wyścigów.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sport.onet.pl/formula-1/formula-1-juz-bez-grid-girls/p5nhz2j)

„Formuła 1 obiecuje dalej mieć ładne dziewczyny na wyścigach.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.f1.v10.pl/Formula,1,obiecuje,dalej,miec,ladne,dziewczyny,na,wyscigach,150709.html).

Gill, Rosalind. 2003. “From sexual objectification to sexual subjectification: the resexualisation of women’s bodies in the media.” Feminist Media Studies 3(1): 99-106. DOI:10.1080/1468077032000080158

Gill, Rosalind. 2008. “Empowerment/sexism: Figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising.” Feminism and Psychology 18(1): 35-60. DOI: 10.1177/0959353507084950

„Grid girls mają wrócić do F1 w Monako i być może w Rosji.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.f1.v10.pl/Grid,girls,maja,wrocic,do,F1,w,Monako,i,byc,moze,w,Rosji,151731.html).

„Grid girls znikną z torów Formuły 1.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://wrc.net.pl/grid-girls-znikna-z-torow-formuly-1)

Gutowski, Cezary. 2018. „Lauda o właścicielach Formuły 1: Czy oni oszaleli?”. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://www.przegladsportowy.pl/motosporty/formula-1/wlasciciele-formuly-1-nie-chca-grid-girlsw-f1/72r0hwk).

Heywood, Leslie. 2008. “Third-wave feminism, the global economy, and women’s surfing: Sport as stealth feminism in girls’ surf culture.” Pp. 63-82. In Next wave cultures: Feminism, subcultures, activism, edited

by A. Harris. Oxon: Routledge.

Heywood, Leslie and Shari L. Dworkin. 2003. Built to win: The female athlete as cultural icon. London: University of Minnesota Press.

Hovden, Jorid. 2000. “Heavyweight” men and younger women? The gendering of selection processes in Norwegian sport organizations.” NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 8(1): 17-32. DOI: 10.1080/080387400408035

Jakubowska, Honorata. 2014. Gra ciałem. Praktyki i dyskursy różnicowania płci w sporcie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Jhally, Sut. 1984. “The Spectacle of Accumulation: Material and Cultural Factors in the Evolution of the Sport/Media Complex.” The Insurgent Sociologist 12(3): 41–57. DOI: 10.1177/089692058401200304

Khomutova, Anastasiya and Alex Channon. 2015. “‘Legends’ in ‘Lingerie’: Sexuality and Athleticism in the 2013 Legends Football League US Season.” Sociology of Sport Journal 32(2): 161-182. DOI:

1123/ssj.2014-0054

Kim, Eunyi, Walkosz, Barbara J. and Joel Iverson. 2006. “USA Today’s coverage of the top women golfers, 1998–2001.” The Howard Journal of Communications 17: 307–321. DOI:10.1080/10646170600966550

Krueger, Richard A. and Mary A. Casey. 2000. Focus Groups. A Practical Guide for Applied Research (3rd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Kuczera, Łukasz. 2018a. “Formuła E popiera decyzję ws. grid girls. Witamy w XXI wieku.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/formula-1/735504/formula-e-popiera-decyzje-ws-grid-girls-witamy-w-xxi-wieku).

Kuczera, Łukasz. 2018b. “Grid girl uderzają w feministki. Nie pytają nas o zdanie.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/formula-1/735612/grid-girls-uderzaja-w-feministki-nie-pytaja-nas-o-zdanie).

Letherby, Gayle and Gillian Reynolds, eds., 2009. Gendered Journeys, Mobile Emotions. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Lippe, Gerd von der. 2013. “Discourses on women’s dress codes in beach volleyball and boxing: In the context of the current consumer culture.” Pp. 140-158. In Gender and Sport: Changes and Challenges,

edited by G. Pfister and M. K. Sisjord. Münster: Waxmann.

McCormack, Mark. 2011. “Hierarchy Without Hegemony: Locating Boys in an Inclusive School Setting.” Sociological Perspectives 1: 83–101. DOI: 10.1525/sop.2011.54.1.83

McKay, Jim, Michael A. Messner and Donald F. Sabo, eds., 2000. Masculinities, Gender Relations and Sport. London: Sage.

McLeod, Carolyn. 2010. “Mere and partial means: The full range of the objectification of women.” Pp. 64-82. In Philosophical perspectives on gender in sport and physical activity, edited by P. Davis and C. Weaving. London: Routledge.

Mellström, Ulf. 2002. “Patriarchal Machines and Masculine Embodiement.” Science, Technology and Human Values 27(4): 460-478. DOI: 10.1177/016224302236177

Mellström, Ulf. 2004. “Machines and Masculine Subjectivity. Technology as an Integral Part of Men’s Life Experiences.” Men and Masculinities. Special Issue: Masculinities and Technologies, 6(4): 368-382.

DOI: 10.1177/1097184X03260960

Messner, Michael A., 1992. Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press.

Mitak, Przemysław. 2018. “Promotorzy GP w Rosji także naciskają na powrót grid girls.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.motorsportgp.pl/aktualnosci-formula-1/promotorzy-gp-rosji-takze-naciskajana-powrot-grid-girls).

Moritz, Amy. 2011. “Cheerleading: not just for the sidelines anymore.” Sport in Society 14(5): 660-669. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2011.575109

Organista, Natalia and Zuzanna Mazur. 2016. „„Piękne kobiety pięknie tańczą” czy „uprzedmiotowienie i upokorzenie”? Analiza dyskursu o cheerleadingu w kontekście mistrzostw Europy w piłce ręcznej

mężczyzn w 2016 roku.” Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej 12(4): 118–143.

Pfister, Gertrud and Sabine Radtke. 2009. “Sport, women and leadership: Results of a project on executives in German sports organizations.” European Journal of Sport Science 9: 229–243. DOI: 10.1080/17461390902818286

Prochota, Andrzej. 2018. „Grid girls niezadowolone z decyzji F1. Kochamy naszą pracę.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/formula-1/735585/grid-girls-niezadowolone-z-decyzji-f1-kochamy-nasza-prace).

Pronger, Brian. 1990. The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality and the Meaning of Sex. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Rowe, David. 2004. Sport, Culture and the Media. Berkshire: Open University Press.

Rowe, Rowe. 2013. “The Sport/Media Complex.” Pp. 61-77. In A Companion to Sport, edited by D. L. Andrews and B. Carrington. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Saner, Emine. 2018. “‘Grid girls’: F1 follows darts by calling time on women in hotpants.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/02/grid-girls-f1-follows-darts-by-callingtime-on-women-in-hotpants).

Smart, Barry. 2005. The Sport Star: Modern Sport and the Cultural Economy of Sporting Celebrity. London: Sage Publications.

Uteng, Tanu Priya and Tim, Cresswell, eds. 2008. Gendered Mobilities. Aldershot: Ashgate.

“Which sports still use ‘walk-on girls’?”. 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42907570).