Keywords
Hate speech
Brazil
ultra right
Abstract
The extreme right hate speech propagated currently in Brazil addresses a broad social spectrum, from feminist movements to traditional communities. The academic community and higher education institutions are also targets, as they are identified as poles of democratic resistance. Specific hate speech towards academy in Brazil is the subject of this paper. The persecution of academic community and knowledge itself occurs through the discursive dispute especially on social networks, and thus in this analytical exercise, we looked up at Facebook’s largest bolsonarista’s group – the “Jair Bolsonaro Presidency Support Group”, which brings together 317,000 members. We analyzed the memetic discourse on the page, focusing memes that were published between April and June 2019, thematizing higher public education, and presenting a bimodal verb-visual composition. These criteria led to the collection of 115 memes analyzed with the support of a QDA package. Analysis reveals the disqualification of university institutions and their actors through ironies, negative associations including stereotypes, simplification of debate to the shallower. Students are often associated with nudity as immorality, professors of indoctrination and ridicule, protesters of ignorance, or bad character. Political debate is reduced to extreme left-right polarization, with the criminalization of the left.
References
Ballestrin, Luciana. 2018. “Desafios à democracia e as experiências do Sul Global.” Keynote Speech at 4º Simpósio Nacional sobre Democracia e Desigualdade. Brasília, Brasil.
Barbosa, Muryatan. 2018. “Desafios à democracia e as experiências do Sul Global.” Keynote Speech at 4º Simpósio Nacional sobre Democracia e Desigualdade. Brasília, Brasil.
Benesch, Susan. 2012. “Dangerous Speech: A Proposal to Prevent Group Violence.” World Policy Journal XXIX/3. Retrieved November 20, 2019 (https://worldpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Dangerous-Speech-Guidelines-Benesch-January-2012.pdf).
Brugger, Winfried. 2007. “Proibição ou proteção do discurso do ódio? Algumas observações sobre o direito alemão e o americano.” Direito Público 4(15): 117-136.
Chagas, Viktor, Fernanda Freire, Daniel Rios and Dandara Magalães. 2017. “A política dos memes e os memes da política: proposta metodológica de análise de conteúdo de memes dos debates eleitorais de 2014.” Intexto 38 (1): 173-196.
Dawkins, Richard. 2001. O gene egoísta. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
Fausto, Boris. 1998 “Ensaio bibliográfico: a interpretação do nazismo, na visão de Norbert Elias.” Mana 4 (1): 141-152.
Freitas, Riva and Matheus Castro. 2013. “Liberdade de Expressão e Discurso do Ódio: um exame sobre as possíveis limitações à liberdade de expressão.” Sequência 34(66): 227-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2013v34n66p327
Gagliardone, Iginio, Danit Gal, Thiago Alves nad Gabriela Martinez. 2015. Countering online hate speech. Unesco Publishing. Retrieved November 20, 2019 (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284157227).
Junqueira, Antolo. 2016. “Os memes e sua apropriação pelo marketing digital.” Signos do Consumo 8(2): 19-29. https://www.bing.com/search?q=junqueira%2C+a.+h.+os+memes
Kaysel, André. 2018. “Desafios à democracia e as experiências do Sul Global.” Keynote Speech at 4º Simpósio Nacional sobre Democracia e Desigualdade. Brasília, Brasil.
Silva, Andréa. 2018. “Memes, educação e cultura de compartilhamento nas redes sociais.” Artefactum 17(2): 1-19. http://artefactum.rafrom.com.br/index.php/artefactum/article/view
Silva, Rosane, Andressa Nichel, Anna Clara, Lehmann Martins and Carlise Borchardt. 2011. “Discursos de ódio em redes sociais: jurisprudência brasileira.” Revista Direito GV 7(2): 445-465. http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/revdireitogv/article/view
Waldron, Jeremy. 2017. “Dignity and defamation: the visibility of hate.” Harvard Law Review 123 (7): 1597-1654.
License
Manuscript authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions for any copyrighted materials included within manuscripts. The authors must provide permission letters, when appropriate, to the Society Register Editors.
In addition, all published papers in Society Register are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern CC BY-NC 4.0 as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.