Keywords
integrative humanism
language
CDA
binaries of power
capability deprivation
Number of views: 606
Number of downloads: 521
Abstract
This paper examines the Skolombo-street children of Calabar. It also investigates the reason for their continued existence, the derivatives in form of social and economic insecurity, inequality and other monstrosities visible in their presence. It questions the oblivious role of the institutions responsible for the care of the child, and parentification impulse as well as the lost humanism which existed in high premium in traditional African society resisted and reflected by text and language. The study is anchored upon Theo Van Leeuwen’s perspective on Critical Discourse Analysis which primarily studies the way social-power abuse and inequality are enacted, reproduced, legitimized, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. The study is a qualitative research conducted with the eclectic research methodologies such as biography, Participant Observation and Conversation. Among other findings, this study reveals that the Cross river state government has not provided enough fair ground to fully tackle the social and economic needs of the street child, that the desired comfort has not been provided for the girl child and that they have not been able to fully integrate the Skolombo into the echelon of the privileged. Conclusively, this has created spaces for youth delinquency, thievery, moral laxity and decadence. In the light of the findings, it is recommended that the government needs to put alternative and effective measures to play with the aim to curbing the menace of Skolombo and the street child culture. There ought to be an implementation of the child right boy and girl child. Stringent punishment should be meted on parents, religious leadact in the global space in order to reduce the molestation and marginalization of the ers and guardians who subject children to unnecessary molestation. Religious leaders and parents should be sensitized about the need to integrate their children within the family, intervention should be made compulsory.
References
Abah, Steve, Okwori, Jenkeri. 2009. “Participatory theatre and video: Acting against violence in Northern Nigeria.” IDS Bulletin 40 (3): 19-26.
Allagbe, Ayodele and Franck Ammousu. 2018. “Principles, Theories and Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis.” International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature 6(1): 11-18. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/23473134.0601002).
Allman, Dan. 2013. “The sociology of Social-Inclusion.” SAGE Open 3(1): 1-16. DOI: 1177/2158244012471957.
Akpan, Aniette. 2015. “Skolombo, the Story of Calabar Street Children.” Sunday Magazine-The Guardian Nigerian Newspaper-Nigeria and World News. Retrieved June 11, 2018 (https://guardian_ng/sunday-magazine/skolombo-the story-of-calabar-street-children/).
Amos, Patricia. 2013. “Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities.” IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56967.
Chojnacka, Barbara. 2018. “Destructive sense of responsibility in individuals with experience of parentification: A biographical perspective.” Pp 33-39 in Social Pedagogy and Social Education: Bridging Traditions and Innovations Social Pedagogy Association, edited by D. Keller, K. O’Neil, H. Nicolaisen, D. Schugurensky, and K. Villaseñor. Phoenix, Arizona.
Cioban, Smaranda. 2018. “Exploring how Children Perceive their Work, Case Study Salaj County, Romania.” Pp. 79-118 in Children and Youth in varied Socio-Cultural Contexts: Theory, Research, Praxis, edited by U. Markowska-Manista. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademii Pedagogiki Specjalnej.
Dijk, Teun. 2015. Critical Discourse Analysis. USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Engelhardt, Jennifer. 2012. “The Developmental Implications of Parentification: Effects on Childhood Attachment.” Graduate Student Journal of Psychology 14: 45-52.
Fairclough, Norman and Ruth Wodak. 1997. “Critical discourse analysis.” Pp. 258–84 in Discourse as Social Interaction: Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, edited by T. Dijk. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Geertz, Clifford. 1975. The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books Inc.
Gidley, Jennifer, Hampson, Gary, Wheeler, Leone & Bereded-Samuel, E. 2010. “Social Inclusion: Co text, Theory and Practice.” The Australasian Journal of University-Community Engagement 5(1):6-36.
Goonesekere, Savitri and Alwis Rangita. 2005. Women’s and children’s rights in a human rights based approach to development. New York: UNICEF.
Guba, Egon, & Yvonna Lincoln. 1989. Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Guest, Greg, Emily E. Namey and Marilyn L. Mitchell. 2013. “Participant Observation.” Pp. 75-112 in Collecting Qualitative Data: A Field Manual for Applied Research, edited by G. Guest, E. E. Namey and M. L. Mitchell. Retrieved January 22, 2019 (https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/48454_ch_3.pdf).
Hamzaj, Enkelejda. 2015. “Jurgen Habermas and the critical theory of the society.” WEI International academic conference proceedings. Retrieved October 4, 2019
(http://westeastinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Enkelejda-Hamzaj.pdf).
Kumar, Chinta. 2013. “The eclectic method-Theory and its application to the learning of English language.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3(6): 1-4.
Lamont, Corliss. 1997 [1949]. The Philosophy of Humanism. 8th Ed. Amherst, New York: Humanist Press.
Louai, Habib. 2012. “Retracing the concept of the subaltern from Gramsci to Spivak: Historical developments and new applications.” African journal of history and culture 4(1): 4-8. DOI: 10.5897/AJHC11.020.
Mehta, Neeta. 2019. “Parentification: A Disguised Form of “Child Labour.” in the Family System.” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) (8): 8-11.
Odrowaz-Coates, Anna. 2017. “Revisiting Power and Supremacy in the Post-Colonial World. Globalisation as a Refined Phase of Colonization.” Pp. 13-23 in Symbolic Violence in Socio-Economic Contexts: A Post-colonial Critique, edited by A. Odrowaz-Coates and G. Sribas. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademii Pedagogiki Specjalnej.
Okam, Chinyere Lilian. 2014. “Theatre for Development as Participatory Evaluation Methodology.” in A study of the Millennium Village Project, Pampaida-Nigeria. An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria-Nigeria.
Okam, Chinyere, Lilian. 2019. “A pedagogic complexus on the knowledge and impact of economic recession on secondary school students.” International Journal of Pedagogy Innovation and New Technologies 6(1): 37-44.
Onuekwe, C. E and Okam Chinyere, Lilian 2017. “Gender Disparity and Psycho-sexual Violence: An X-ray of How Imbalance is perpetuated by Sexual Behavior.” Journal of Gender and Power. Faculty of Educational Studies 8(2): 35-54.
Ozumba, G. O. 2010. Philosophy of Integrative Humanism. Calabar, Nigeria: Joschrisam Publishers.
Ozumba, G.O. and Chimakonam J.O. 2014. Njikoka Amaka: Further Discussions on the Philosophy of Integrative Humanism. Logic Option Publishing, Calabar. Print.
Partnership Initiative in the Niger Delta (PIND) Briefing. 2017. “The Street Kids of Calabar: A Punitive Approach is Not Enough.” Retrieved January 22, 2019 (https://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/PIND-Briefing-TheStreet-Kids-of-Calabar-February-2017.pdf).
Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sen, Amartya. 2000. “Social Exclusion: Concept, Application, and Scrutiny.” Social Development Papers 1. Office of Environment and Social Development Asian Development. Bank, June. 2000. Social Exclusion. Retrieved January 22, 2019 (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29778/social-exclusion.pdf).
Shortall, Sally and Mark Shucksmith. 1998. “Integrated Rural Development: Issues arising.” The Scottish Experience. European Planning Studies 6(1): 73-88.
Spivak, Gyatari. 1988. “Can the subaltern speak?” Pp. 271-313, in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by C. Nelson and L. Grossberg. Urbana,Chicago: University of Ilinois Press.
Zakir, A., Abubakar, U., Lawal, U.S., Imrana, H., Habibu, I. T., Hassan, I. H., and Harande M. M. 2014. “The practice of Almajiri: Prospect and socio-medical Challenges in Northern Part of Nigeria.” Journal of African Studies and Development 6(7): 128- 131. DOI: 10.5897/JASD20014.0273.
License
Manuscript authors are responsible for obtaining copyright permissions for any copyrighted materials included within manuscripts. The authors must provide permission letters, when appropriate, to the Society Register Editors.
In addition, all published papers in Society Register are published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License.
1.1 The Author hereby warrants that he/she is the owner of all the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Work and that, within the scope of the present Agreement, the paper does not infringe the legal rights of another person. The owner of the copyright work also warrants that he/she is the sole and original creator thereof and that is not bound by any legal constraints in regard to the use or sale of the work.
1.2. The Publisher warrants that is the owner of the PRESSto platform for open access journals, hereinafter referred to as the PRESSto Platform.
2. The Author grants the Publisher non-exclusive and free of charge license to unlimited use worldwide over an unspecified period of time in the following areas of exploitation:
2.1. production of multiple copies of the Work produced according to the specific application of a given technology, including printing, reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means (reprography) and digital technology;
2.2. marketing authorisation, loan or lease of the original or copies thereof;
2.3. public performance, public performance in the broadcast, video screening, media enhancements as well as broadcasting and rebroadcasting, made available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them;
2.4. inclusion of the Work into a collective work (i.e. with a number of contributions);
2.5. inclusion of the Work in the electronic version to be offered on an electronic platform, or any other conceivable introduction of the Work in its electronic version to the Internet;
2.6. dissemination of electronic versions of the Work in its electronic version online, in a collective work or independently;
2.7. making the Work in the electronic version available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, in particular by making it accessible via the Internet, Intranet, Extranet;
2.8. making the Work available according to appropriate license pattern CC BY-NC 4.0 as well as another language version of this license or any later version published by Creative Commons.
3. The Author grants the Publisher permission to reproduce a single copy (print or download) and royalty-free use and disposal of rights to compilations of the Work and these compilations.
4. The Author grants the Publisher permission to send metadata files related to the Work, including to commercial and non-commercial journal-indexing databases.
5. The Author represents that, on the basis of the license granted in the present Agreement, the Publisher is entitled and obliged to:
5.1. allow third parties to obtain further licenses (sublicenses) to the Work and to other materials, including derivatives thereof or compilations made, based on or including the Work, whereas the provisions of such sub-licenses will be the same as with the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) Creative Commons sub-license or another language version of this license, or any later version of this license published by Creative Commons;
5.2. make the Work available to the public in such a way that members of the public may access the Work from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, without any technological constraints;
5.3. appropriately inform members of the public to whom the Work is to be made available about sublicenses in such a way as to ensure that all parties are properly informed (appropriate informing messages).
6. Because of the royalty-free provision of services of the Author (resulting from the scope of obligations stipulated in the present Agreement), the Author shall not be entitled to any author’s fee due and payable on the part of the Publisher (no fee or royalty is payable by the Publisher to the Author).
7.1. In the case of third party claims or actions for indemnity against the Publisher owing to any infractions related to any form of infringement of intellectual property rights protection, including copyright infringements, the Author is obliged to take all possible measures necessary to protect against these claims and, when as a result of legal action, the Publisher, or any third party licensed by the Publisher to use the Work, will have to abandon using the Work in its entirety or in part or, following a court ruling in a legal challenge, to pay damages to a third party, whatever the legal basis
7.2. The Author will immediately inform the Publisher about any damage claims related to intellectual property infringements, including the author’s proprietary rights pertaining to a copyrighted work, filed against the Author. of liability, the Author is obliged to redress the damage resulting from claims made by third party, including costs and expenditures incurred in the process.
7.3. To all matters not settled herein provisions of the Polish Civil Code and the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act shall apply.