Keywords
corpus
challenges;
language
legal
translation
KWIC Concordance
How to Cite
Abstract
Our paper conducts a contrastive analysis between Albanian and English lexical units in the language of laws using corpora analysis. It fills a literature gap related to Corpus linguistics in order to better comprehend patterns of legal lexicon. We use KWIC Concordance to extract the top frequently words and concordance lines in order to analyse differences and similarities among lexical units in Albanian (Source Language) and English (Target Language) laws, compared to those identified in respective corpora. Additionally, we identify types of errors in translation, difficulties in translating legal texts, and factors that influence translators’ errors in translating certain laws of the Republic of Kosovo from Albanian into English. According to our analysis, both languages have in common the use of the same grammatical patterns such as: conjunctions, prepositions, and the use of the common noun forms. The rest have significant differences in their usage, especially with regards to particles and determiners. Our contrastive approach demonstrates that some of these laws were not originally written in Albanian and then translated into English language, as many articles within these laws lack the appropriate word structure and word order and in some cases are semantically ill-formed in the Source Language.
Key words: analysis, corpus, language, legal, translation, KWIC Concordance.
References
Baker, Mona, and Gabriela Saldanha. 2001. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge.
Baker, Paul. 2006. Using corpora in discourse analysis. London: Continuum. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350933996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350933996
Bolaños-García-Escribano, Alejandro, Jorge Díaz-Cintas, and Serenella Massidda. 2021. Latest advancements in audiovisual translation education. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 15(1): 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2021.1880308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2021.1880308
Bolaños-García-Escribano, Alejandro, Jorge Díaz-Cintas, and Serenella Massidda. 2018. Recent trends in translator training - audiovisual translation and applied technologies at stake. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 12(2): 254-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1478476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2018.1478476
Byrne, Jody. 2007. Caveat translator: Understanding the legal consequences of errors in professional translation. The Journal of Specialised Translation 7: 2-23.
Chun-Guang, Tian. 2014. An Empirical Research on the Corpus-Driven Lexical Chunks Instruction. International Journal of English Language Teaching 2(2): 1-36.
Hale, Sandra. 2014. Interpreting culture. Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting. Perspectives Studies in Translatology 22(3): 321-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.827226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2013.827226
Hunston, Susan. 2002. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: University of Birmingham. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524773
Jeaco, Stephen. 2017. Helping Language Learners Put Concordance Data in Context. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 7(2): 22-39. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.2017040102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.2017040102
Koljada, Natalija, Svetlana Kowalskaia, and Ashhen Melkonyan. 2019. Translation as a means of interpersonal and interethnic communication. XLinguae 12(2): 72-79. https://doi.org/10.18355/XL.2019.12.02.07 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18355/XL.2019.12.02.07
Kuleli, Mesut. 2019. Identification of translation procedures for culture specific items in a short story. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15(3): 1105-1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631551
Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. New York, Oxford: University Press of America.
Newmark, Leonard, Philip Hubbard, and Peter Prifti. 1982. Standard Albanian. Stanford, California: Stanford University Print.
Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. London: Pergamon.
Nida, Eugene A., and Charles Taber. 1974.The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Okyayuz, Ayşe Şirin. 2019. Translation and Language and Cultural Policies: The Importance of Political Cognizance in Audiovisual Translator Training. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 15(3): 937-952. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.631538
O'Donnell, Brook Matthew. 2008. KWICgrouper - Designing a tool for corpus-driven concordance analysis. International Journal of English language 8 (1): 107-121.
Perkhach, Roksolana-Yustyna, and Yuliia Shyika. 2018. The Methodology of Frequency Dictionaries to the Instructions to Medical Products. In IEEE 13th International Scientific and Technical Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT): 26-29. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1109/STC-CSIT.2018.8526600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/STC-CSIT.2018.8526600
Pham, Anh Tuan, Linh Thi Diem Nguyen, and Vi Thi Tuong Pham. 2022. English language students' perspectives on the difficulties in translation courses: Implication for language education. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 18(1): 180-189.
Ralarala, Monwabisi K. 2014. Transpreters' translations of complainants' narratives as evidence: Whose version goes to court? The Translator 20(3): 377-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.934002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2014.934002
Scott, Juliette, and John O'Shea. 2022. Translation in Libel cases: Reputations at Stake! Comparative Legilinguistics 50: 123-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/cl.50.2022.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/cl.50.2022.7
Stein, Daniel. 2018. Machine translation. Past, present and future. In Language technologies for a multilingual Europe: TC3 III, eds. Georg Rehm, Felix Sasaki, Daniel Stein and Andreas Witt, 5-17. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Yunus, Kamariah, and Suʹad Awab. 2012. The Effects of the Use of Module-Based Concordance Materials and Data-Driven Learning (DDL) Approach in Enhancing the Knowledge of Collocations of Prepositions among Malaysian Undergraduate Law Students. The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review 18(9): 181-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/CGP/v18i09/47758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/CGP/v18i09/47758
Vaughan, Elaine and Anne O'Keeffe. 2015. Corpus Analysis. In The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction, eds. Karen Tracy, Cornelia Ilie and Todd Sandel, 252-268. Denver, CO: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator's Invisibility. A History of Translation. London: Routledge.
Welbers, Kasper, Wouter Van Atteveldt, and Kenneth Benoit. 2017. Text Analysis in R. Communication Methods and Measures 11(4): 245-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1387238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1387238
ASI (Assembly Support Initiative Newsletter). OSCE Mission in Kosovo. February 2005, No. 15, Special Edition. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/1/d/15261.pdf (accessed June 27, 2022).
Law no. 05/L-021 on Protection from Discrimination. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=10924 (accessed July 14, 2022).
Law no. 02/L-037 on the Use of Official Languages. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=2440 (accessed July 15, 2020).
Law no. 06/L-084 on Child Protection. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDocumentDetail.aspx?ActID=20844 (accessed June 25, 2022).
Law no. 03/L-224 on the Kosovo Prosecutorial Council. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=2709 (accessed July 14, 2022).
Law no. 06/L-055 on Kosovo Judicial Council. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=18335 (accessed June 28, 2022).
Law no. 05/L-021 on the Protection from Discrimination. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=10924 (accessed August 12, 2022).
Law no. 06/L-081 on Access to Public Documents. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova, https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=20505 (accessed August 28, 2022).
Law no. 03/L-149 on Civil Service. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=2679 (accessed August 29, 2022).
Law no. 06/L-082 on Personal Data Protection. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=18616 (accessed August 30, 2022).
Law no. 06/L-113 on Organization and Functioning of State Administration and Independent Agencies. Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova. https://gzk.rks-gov.net/ActDetail.aspx?ActID=18684 (accessed August 30, 2022).
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Valentina Sopjani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
When submitting a paper the author agrees to the following publishing agreement and processing personal data.
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT, COPYRIGHT LICENSE, PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING CONSENT
This is a publication agreement and copyright license (“Agreement”) regarding a written manuscript currently submitted via Pressto platform
(“Article”) to be published in Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Journal”).
The parties to this Agreement are:
the Author or Authors of the submitted article (individually, or if more than one author, collectively, “Author”) and Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Publisher”), address al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań, represented by its editor in chief Aleksandra Matulewska.
§1. LICENSE OF COPYRIGHT
a) The Author and the Publisher agree that the Author grants a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which is incorporated herein by reference and is further specified at Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 copyright license in the Article to the general public.
b) The Author grants to the Publisher a royalty-free, worldwide nonexclusive license to publish, reproduce, display, distribute, translate and use the Article in any form, either separately or as part of a collective work, including but not limited to a nonexclusive license to publish the Article in an issue of the Journal, copy and distribute individual reprints of the Article, authorize reproduction of the entire Article in another publication, and authorize reproduction and distribution of the Article or an abstract thereof by means of computerized retrieval systems (such as Westlaw, Lexis and SSRN). The Author retains ownership of all rights under copyright in the Article, and all rights not expressly granted in this Agreement.
c) The Author grants to the Publisher the power to assign, sublicense or otherwise transfer any and all licenses expressly granted to the Publisher under this Agreement.
d) Republication. The Author agrees to require that the Publisher be given credit as the original publisher in any republication of the Article authorized by the Author. If the Publisher authorizes any other party to republish the Article under the terms of paragraphs 1c and 1 of this Agreement, the Publisher shall require such party to ensure that the Author is credited as the Author.
§2. EDITING OF THE ARTICLE
a) The Author agrees that the Publisher may edit the Article as suitable for publication in the Journal. To the extent that the Publisher’s edits amount to copyrightable works of authorship, the Publisher hereby assigns all right, title, and interest in such edits to the Author.
§3. WARRANTIES
a) The Author represents and warrants that to the best of the Author’s knowledge the Article does not defame any person, does not invade the privacy of any person, and does not in any other manner infringe upon the rights of any person. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Publisher against all such claims.
b) The Author represents and warrants that the Author has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to grant the licenses granted in this Agreement.
c) The Author represents and warrants that the Article furnished to the Publisher has not been published previously. For purposes of this paragraph, making a copy of the Article accessible over the Internet, including, but not limited to, posting the Article to a database accessible over the Internet, does not constitute prior publication so long as the as such copy indicates that the Article is not in final form, such as by designating such copy to be a “draft,” a “working paper,” or “work-in-progress”. The Author agrees to hold harmless the Publisher, its licensees and distributees, from any claim, action, or proceeding alleging facts that constitute a breach of any warranty enumerated in this paragraph.
§4. TERM
a) The agreement was concluded for an unspecified time.
§5. PAYMENT
a) The Author agrees and acknowledges that the Author will receive no payment from the Publisher for use of the Article or the licenses granted in this Agreement.
b) The Publisher agrees and acknowledges that the Publisher will not receive any payment from the Author for publication by the Publisher.
§6. ENTIRE AGREEMENT
a) This Agreement supersedes any and all other agreements, either oral or in writing, between the Author and the Publisher with respect to the subject of this Agreement. This Agreement contains all of the warranties and agreements between the parties with respect to the Article, and each party acknowledges that no representations, inducements, promises, or agreements have been made by or on behalf of any party except those warranties and agreements embodied in this Agreement.
b) In all cases not regulated by this Agreement, legal provisions of Polish Copyright Act and Polish Civil Code shall apply.
c) Any disputes arising from the enforcement of obligations connected with this Agreement shall be resolved by a court competent for the headquarters of the Publisher.
d) Any amendments or additions to the Agreement must be made in writing and signed by authorised representative of both parties, otherwise being ineffective.
e) This Agreement is signed electronically and the submission of the article via the PRESSto platform is considered as the conclusion of the Agreement by the Author and the Publisher.
f) Clause for consent to the processing of personal data - general
g) The Author shall give his or her consent to the processing of their personal data in accordance with the Act of 10 May 2018 on the protection of personal data and Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of persons physical in connection with the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46 / EC (General Data Protection Regulation) for the purpose and in connection with making publications available on the PRESSto scientific journals platform and DeGruyter platform, guaranteeing the security of services rendered, and improving them.
I HAVE READ AND AGREE FULLY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
The Author The Publisher