Keywords
professional translation
legal translation and interpreting
How to Cite
Abstract
The concept of translation norm has occupied a prominent place in Translation Studies as a terminological challenge for scholars and the reflection of their research fields. The emergence and internalisation of norms is a natural consequence of the socialisation process since norms can be also used as evaluation criteria for certain social (permissible and acceptable) behaviours. However, the operation of norms in translation is hard to be observed: the objects of direct observation are products of the translation process and results of norm-governed translator behaviour. A question might be asked whether norms hinder or rather facilitate the process – a potential answer suggests the dependence of norm application on the translator’s experience and knowledge accrued as factors central for successful performance. These factors are manifested in the performance of professional translators and interpreters, therefore the article focuses initially on the concept of professionalism in translation and interpreting. This is followed by a brief introduction of the notion of norms positioned in the context of translating and interpreting legal texts. The article closes with the presentation of the survey conducted among translation and interpreting trainees.References
Bühler, Hildegund. 1986. „Linguistic (semantic) and extra-linguistic (pragmatic) criteria for the evaluation of conference interpretation and interpreters”. In Multilingua 5, 4:. 231 - 235.
Chesterman, Andrew. 1993. “From 'is' to 'ought': translation laws, norms and strategies”. In Target 5/1: 1-20.
Diriker, Ebru. 1999. "Problematizing the discourse on interpreting - A quest for norms in simultaneous interpreting". In TexTconTexT 132: 73-90.
Fraser, Janet. 2000, “What Do Real Translators Do? Developing the Use of TAPs from professional Translators”. In Tapping and Mapping the Processes of Translation and Interpreting, ed. Sonia Tirkkonen-Condit and Riitta Jääskeläinen, 111-119. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hermans, Theo. 1985. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London and Sydney: Croom Helm.
Hermans, Theo. 1991. “Translational Norms and Correct Translations”. In Translation Studies: the State of the Art. Proceedings of the First James s Holmes Symposium on Translation Studie, ed. Kitty M. van Leuwen-Zwart and Ton
Naaijkens, 155-169. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Editions Rodopi B. V.
Hermans, Theo. 1996. “Norms and the Determination of Translation. A Theoretical Framework”. In Translation, Power and Subversion, ed. R. Alvarez and M.C.A. Vidal, 93-110. Clevedon-Philadelphia-Adelaide: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Jopek-Bosiacka, Anna. 2006. Przekład prawny i sądowy. Warszawa: PWN.
Kadric, Mira., Klaus. Kaindl and Franz Pöchhacker. 2000. Translationswissenschaft. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag.
Kopczyński, Andrzej. 1994. “Quality in conference interpreting: Some pragmatic problems”. In Bridging the gap. Empirical Research in simultaneous interpretation, eds. Sylvie Lambert and Barbara Moser-Mercer, 87-100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kościałkowska-Okońska, Ewa. 2008. “Kryteria jakości w ewaluacji przekładu ustnego”. In Rocznik Przekładoznawczy 3. Studia nad teorią, praktyką i dydaktyką przekładu, ed. Ewa Kościałkowska-Okońska and Lech Zieliński, 105-117. Toruń: Wydawnictwo UMK.
Kurz, Ingrid. 1989. “Conference Interpreting: User Expectations”. In Coming of Age: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association, ed. D.L.Hammond,143-148. Medford/New Jersey: Learned
Information.
Kurz, Ingrid. 1993. „Conference Interpretation: Expectations of different user groups”. In The Interpreter’s Newsletter,5:13-21. Universita degli Studi di Trieste, SSLM.
Marrone, Stefano. 1993. “Quality: A Shared Objective”. In The Interpreter’s Newsletter, 5: 35-41.
Mesa, Anne-Marie. 2000. “The Cultural Interpreter: An Appreciated Professional. Results of a Study on Interpreting Services: Client, Health Care Worker and Interpreter Points of View”. In The Critical Link 2: Interpreters in the Community, ed. Roda P. Roberts and Silvana E.Carr, 67-79. Amsterdam/ Philadephia: John Benjamins.
Moser, Peter. 1995. Simultanes Konferenzdolmetschen. Anforderungen und Erwartungen der Benutzer. Endbericht, im Auftrag von AIIC. Wien: SRZ Stadt- und Regionalforschung.
Pöchhacker, Franz. 2000. “The Community Interpreter’s Task: Self-Perception and Provider Views”. In The Critical Link 2: Interpreters in the Community, ed. Roda .P. Roberts and Silvana E.Carr, 49-65. Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins.
Pöchhacker, Franz and Miriam Schlesinger. 2002. The Interpreting Studies Reader. London/New York: Routledge
Šarčević, Susan. 2000. New approach to legal translations. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Schäffner, Christina. 1999. Translation and norms. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Schjoldager, Anne. 2002. "An exploratory study of translational norms in simultaneous interpreting: methodological reflections". In The Interpreting Studies Reader, ed. Franz Pöchhacker and Miriam Shlesinger, 300-311. London: Routledge.
Shlesinger, Miriam. 1989. "Extending the theory of translation to interpretation: Norms as a case in Point". In Target 1: 1: 111-15.
Shlesinger, Miriam. 2000. "Interpreting as a Cognitive Process: How can we know what really happens?". In Tapping and mapping the processes of translation and interpreting: outlooks on empirical research, ed. Sonia Tirkkonen-Condit and Riitta Jääskeläinen, 3-15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Toury, Gideon. 1980. In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics.
Toury, Gideon. 1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wadensjö, Cecilia. 1998. Interpreting as Interaction. London/New York: Longman.
License
When submitting a paper the author agrees to the following publishing agreement and processing personal data.
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT, COPYRIGHT LICENSE, PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING CONSENT
This is a publication agreement and copyright license (“Agreement”) regarding a written manuscript currently submitted via Pressto platform
(“Article”) to be published in Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Journal”).
The parties to this Agreement are:
the Author or Authors of the submitted article (individually, or if more than one author, collectively, “Author”) and Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Publisher”), address al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań, represented by its editor in chief Aleksandra Matulewska.
§1. LICENSE OF COPYRIGHT
a) The Author and the Publisher agree that the Author grants a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which is incorporated herein by reference and is further specified at Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 copyright license in the Article to the general public.
b) The Author grants to the Publisher a royalty-free, worldwide nonexclusive license to publish, reproduce, display, distribute, translate and use the Article in any form, either separately or as part of a collective work, including but not limited to a nonexclusive license to publish the Article in an issue of the Journal, copy and distribute individual reprints of the Article, authorize reproduction of the entire Article in another publication, and authorize reproduction and distribution of the Article or an abstract thereof by means of computerized retrieval systems (such as Westlaw, Lexis and SSRN). The Author retains ownership of all rights under copyright in the Article, and all rights not expressly granted in this Agreement.
c) The Author grants to the Publisher the power to assign, sublicense or otherwise transfer any and all licenses expressly granted to the Publisher under this Agreement.
d) Republication. The Author agrees to require that the Publisher be given credit as the original publisher in any republication of the Article authorized by the Author. If the Publisher authorizes any other party to republish the Article under the terms of paragraphs 1c and 1 of this Agreement, the Publisher shall require such party to ensure that the Author is credited as the Author.
§2. EDITING OF THE ARTICLE
a) The Author agrees that the Publisher may edit the Article as suitable for publication in the Journal. To the extent that the Publisher’s edits amount to copyrightable works of authorship, the Publisher hereby assigns all right, title, and interest in such edits to the Author.
§3. WARRANTIES
a) The Author represents and warrants that to the best of the Author’s knowledge the Article does not defame any person, does not invade the privacy of any person, and does not in any other manner infringe upon the rights of any person. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Publisher against all such claims.
b) The Author represents and warrants that the Author has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to grant the licenses granted in this Agreement.
c) The Author represents and warrants that the Article furnished to the Publisher has not been published previously. For purposes of this paragraph, making a copy of the Article accessible over the Internet, including, but not limited to, posting the Article to a database accessible over the Internet, does not constitute prior publication so long as the as such copy indicates that the Article is not in final form, such as by designating such copy to be a “draft,” a “working paper,” or “work-in-progress”. The Author agrees to hold harmless the Publisher, its licensees and distributees, from any claim, action, or proceeding alleging facts that constitute a breach of any warranty enumerated in this paragraph.
§4. TERM
a) The agreement was concluded for an unspecified time.
§5. PAYMENT
a) The Author agrees and acknowledges that the Author will receive no payment from the Publisher for use of the Article or the licenses granted in this Agreement.
b) The Publisher agrees and acknowledges that the Publisher will not receive any payment from the Author for publication by the Publisher.
§6. ENTIRE AGREEMENT
a) This Agreement supersedes any and all other agreements, either oral or in writing, between the Author and the Publisher with respect to the subject of this Agreement. This Agreement contains all of the warranties and agreements between the parties with respect to the Article, and each party acknowledges that no representations, inducements, promises, or agreements have been made by or on behalf of any party except those warranties and agreements embodied in this Agreement.
b) In all cases not regulated by this Agreement, legal provisions of Polish Copyright Act and Polish Civil Code shall apply.
c) Any disputes arising from the enforcement of obligations connected with this Agreement shall be resolved by a court competent for the headquarters of the Publisher.
d) Any amendments or additions to the Agreement must be made in writing and signed by authorised representative of both parties, otherwise being ineffective.
e) This Agreement is signed electronically and the submission of the article via the PRESSto platform is considered as the conclusion of the Agreement by the Author and the Publisher.
f) Clause for consent to the processing of personal data - general
g) The Author shall give his or her consent to the processing of their personal data in accordance with the Act of 10 May 2018 on the protection of personal data and Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of persons physical in connection with the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46 / EC (General Data Protection Regulation) for the purpose and in connection with making publications available on the PRESSto scientific journals platform and DeGruyter platform, guaranteeing the security of services rendered, and improving them.
I HAVE READ AND AGREE FULLY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
The Author The Publisher