Resumen
The aim of this paper is to establish the repertoire and distribution of verbal and adverbial exponents of epistemic modality in English- and Polish-language judgments passed by the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) and non-translated judgments passed by the Supreme Court of Poland (SN). The study applies a model for categorizing exponents of epistemicity with regard to their (i) level (high-, medium- and low-level of certainty, necessity or possibility expressed by the markers; primary dimension), (ii) perspective (own vs. reported perspective), (iii) opinion (based either on facts or beliefs) and (iv) time (the embedding of epistemic markers in sentences relating to the past, present or future) (contextual dimensions). It examines the degree of intra-generic convergence of translated EU judgments and non-translated national judgments in terms of the employment of epistemic markers, as well as the degree of authoritativeness of judicial argumentation, and determines whether the frequent use of epistemic markers constitutes a generic feature of judgments. The research material consists of a parallel corpus of English- and Polish-language versions of 200 EU judgments and a corpus of 200 non-translated domestic judgments. The results point to the high salience and differing patterns of use of epistemic markers in both EU and national judgments. The frequent use of high-level epistemic markers boosts the authoritativeness of judicial reasoning.
Funding
This study was financed by research grant no. 2014/14/E/HS2/00782 from the National Science Centre, Poland.
Citas
Anthony, Laurence. 2017. AntPConc (Version 1.2.1). Tokyo: Waseda University.
Biel, Łucja. 2014. Lost in the Eurofog. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Biel, Łucja. 2016. Mixed corpus design for researching the Eurolect: A genre-based comparable-parallel corpus in the PL EUROLECT project. In Polskojęzyczne korpusy równoległe. Polish-language parallel corpora, eds. Ewa Gruszczyńska and Agnieszka Leńko-Szymańska, 197–208. Warsaw: Institute of Applied Linguistics.
Bralczyk, Jerzy. 1978. O leksykalnych wyznacznikach prawdziwościowej oceny sądów [On lexical exponents of truth evaluation of propositions]. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski.
Cheng, Winnie and Le Cheng. 2014. Epistemic modality in court judgments: A corpus-driven comparison of civil cases in Hong Kong and Scotland. English for Specific Purposes 33: 15–26.
Coulthard, Malcolm and Alison Johnson. 2010. The Routledge handbook of forensic linguistics. London: Routledge.
Danielewiczowa, Magdalena, 2008a. Jak nie należy opisywać przysłówków epistemicznych [How not to describe epistemic adverbs]. Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 72: 109–128.
Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2002. Wiedza i niewiedza. Studium polskich czasowników epistemicznych [Knowledge and ignorance. Study of Polish epistemic verbs]. Warsaw: Katedra Lingwistyki Formalnej.
Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2008b. Opis przysłówków epistemicznych jako wyzwanie teoretyczne [Description of epistemic adverbs as a theoretical challenge]. Prace Filologiczne LIV. Seria Językoznawcza: 47–62.
Goźdź-Roszkowski, Stanisław. 2017a. Facts in Law. A comparative study of fact that and its phraseologies in American and Polish judicial discourse. In Phraseology in legal and institutional settings: a corpus-based interdisciplinary perspective, eds. Stanisław Goźdź-Roszkowski and Gianluca Pontrandolfo, 143–159. London: Routledge.
Goźdź-Roszkowski, Stanisław. 2017b. Signalling sites of contention in judicial discourse. An exploratory corpus-based analysis of selected stance nouns in US Supreme Court Opinions and Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal Judgments. Comparative Legilinguistics 32, 91–117.
Grochowski, Maciej, Anna Kisiel and Magdalena Żabowska. 2014. Słownik gniazdowy partykuł polskich [The Nest Dictionary of Polish Particles]. Kraków: PAU.
Grochowski, Maciej. 1986. Polskie partykuły: składnia, semantyka, leksykografia [Polish particles: syntax, semantics, lexicography]. Prace Instytutu Języka Polskiego PAN 62. Wrocław: Ossolineum.
Grzegorczykowa, Renata. 1998. [1996] Wykłady z polskiej składni [Lectures in Polish syntax], 3rd ed. Warsaw: PWN.
Grzegorczykowa, Renata. 2001. Wprowadzenie do semantyki językoznawczej [An introduction to linguistic semantics]. Warsaw: PWN.
Halliday, Michael A.K. and Christian Matthiessen. 2004. Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd ed. London: Edward Arnold.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: CUP.
Kilgarriff, Adam, Vít Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý, and Vít Suchomel. 2014. The Sketch Engine: ten years on. Lexicography 1, 7–36.
Matulewska, Aleksandra. 2010. Deontic modality and modals in the language of contracts. Comparative Legilinguistics 2, 75–92.
Mazzi, Davide. 2007b. The construction of argumentation in judicial texts: Combining a genre and a corpus perspective. Argumentation 21(1), 21–38.
Mazzi, Davide. 2015. “It must be obvious that this line of argument is utterly inconsistent…”: on attitudinal qualification in English judicial discourse across legal systems. Bulletin suisse de linguistique appliquée 2, 51–67.
Palmer, Frank R. 2001. Mood and modality. Cambridge: CUP.
Pontrandolfo, Gianluca and Stanisław Goźdź-Roszkowski, 2014. Exploring the local grammar of evaluation: The case of adjectival patterns in American and Italian judicial discourse. Research in language 12(1), 71–91.
Rozumko, Agata. 2013. Modal adverbs, particles and discourse markers across languages. Recent attempts at delimiting the categories in Anglophone and Polish linguistics. Białostockie Archiwum Językowe 13, 289–294.
Rozumko, Agata. 2016. Linguistic concepts across languages: The category of epistemic adverbs in English and Polish. Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 2(1), 195–214. DeGruyter Open.
Rozumko, Agata. 2017. Adverbial markers of epistemic modality across disciplinary discourses: A contrastive study of research articles in six academic disciplines. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52(1), 73–101.
Rubin, Victoria L. 2006. Identifying certainty in texts. PhD diss., Syracuse University.
Rubin, Victoria L. 2010. Epistemic modality: From uncertainty to certainty in the context of information seeking as interactions with texts. Information Processing & Management 46(5), 533–540.
Rubin, Victoria L., Noriki Kando and Elizabeth D. Liddy. 2004. Certainty categorization model. Paper presented at the AAAI spring symposium: Exploring attitude and affect in text: Theories and applications, Stanford, CA.
Rytel, Danuta. 1982. Leksykalne środki wyrażania modalności w języku czeskim i polskim [Lexical means of the expression of modality in Czech and Polish]. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
Salmi-Tolonen, Tarja. 2005. Persuasion in judicial argumentation: The opinions of the Advocates General at the European Court of Justice. In Persuasion across genres. A linguistic approach, eds. Helena Halmari and Tuija Virtanen, 59–101. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Scott, Mike. 2017. WordSmith Tools version 7, Stroud: Lexical Analysis Software.
Shethar, Alissa. 2002. Strategic uses of self and other perspectives. In Perspective and perspectivation in discourse, eds. Carl Friedrich Graumann and Werner Kallmeyer, 181–200. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Stępień, Marzena. 2008. O wzajemnym przenikaniu się ewidencjalności i modalności (na przykładzie wybranych polskich czasowników i wyrażeń funkcyjnych) [On the reciprocal influence of evidentiality and modality (on the example of selected Polish verbs and functional expressions)]. In Lexikalische Evidenzialitätsmarker im Slavischen, eds. Björn Wiemer and Vladimir A. Plungjan, Wiener Slawistischer Almanach Sonderband 72, 313–333. München: Otto Sagner.
Szczyrbak, Magdalena. 2017. Modal Adverbs of Certainty in EU Legal Discourse: A Parallel Corpus Approach. In Contrastive Analysis of Discourse-pragmatic Aspects of Linguistic Genres, eds. Karin Aijmer and Diana Lewis, 91–115. Cham: Springer.
Tutak, Kinga. 2003. Leksykalne nieczasownikowe wykładniki modalności epistemicznej w autobiografiach [Lexical non-verbal exponents of epistemic modality in autobiographies]. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka.
Warchał, Krystyna. 2015. Certainty and doubt in academic discourse: Epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 2006. English: Meaning and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Żabowska, Magdalena. 2008. Polskie wyrażenia ewidencjalne a partykuły epistemiczne [Polish evidential
expressions and epistemic particles]. In Lexikalische Evidenzialitätsmarker im Slavischen, eds. Björn Wiemer and Vladimir A. Plungjan, Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 72, 377–393. München: Otto Sagner.
Żabowska, Magdalena. 2013. Faktycznie i rzeczywiście – operacje na wiedzy i ich leksykalizacja [Actually and indeed – operations on knowledge and their lexicalization]. Linguistica Copernicana 1(9), 131–141.
On-line sources
Case-law of the Supreme Court of Poland. http://www.sn.pl/orzecznictwo/SitePages/Baza_orzeczen.aspx (accessed March 30, 2019).
InfoCuria – Case-law of the Court of Justice. http://curia.europa.eu/juris/recherche.jsf?language=en (accessed March 30, 2019).
The Eurolect: An EU Variant of Polish and its Impact on Administrative Polish. https://eurolekt.ils.uw.edu.pl/ (accessed March 30, 2019).
Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN [Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish], ed. P. Żmigrodzki. http://www.wsjp.pl (accessed March 30, 2019).
Cited judgments of the Court of Justice
Judgment of the Court of 16 June 2015 – C-62/14
Judgment of the Court of 9 July 2015 – C-231/14 P
Cited judgments of the Supreme Court of Poland
Judgment in the Name of the Republic of Poland of 14 January 2015 – II CSK 747/13
Judgment in the Name of the Republic of Poland of 20 February 2015 – V CSK 295/14
Licencia
When submitting a paper the author agrees to the following publishing agreement and processing personal data.
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT, COPYRIGHT LICENSE, PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING CONSENT
This is a publication agreement and copyright license (“Agreement”) regarding a written manuscript currently submitted via Pressto platform
(“Article”) to be published in Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Journal”).
The parties to this Agreement are:
the Author or Authors of the submitted article (individually, or if more than one author, collectively, “Author”) and Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Publisher”), address al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań, represented by its editor in chief Aleksandra Matulewska.
§1. LICENSE OF COPYRIGHT
a) The Author and the Publisher agree that the Author grants a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which is incorporated herein by reference and is further specified at Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 copyright license in the Article to the general public.
b) The Author grants to the Publisher a royalty-free, worldwide nonexclusive license to publish, reproduce, display, distribute, translate and use the Article in any form, either separately or as part of a collective work, including but not limited to a nonexclusive license to publish the Article in an issue of the Journal, copy and distribute individual reprints of the Article, authorize reproduction of the entire Article in another publication, and authorize reproduction and distribution of the Article or an abstract thereof by means of computerized retrieval systems (such as Westlaw, Lexis and SSRN). The Author retains ownership of all rights under copyright in the Article, and all rights not expressly granted in this Agreement.
c) The Author grants to the Publisher the power to assign, sublicense or otherwise transfer any and all licenses expressly granted to the Publisher under this Agreement.
d) Republication. The Author agrees to require that the Publisher be given credit as the original publisher in any republication of the Article authorized by the Author. If the Publisher authorizes any other party to republish the Article under the terms of paragraphs 1c and 1 of this Agreement, the Publisher shall require such party to ensure that the Author is credited as the Author.
§2. EDITING OF THE ARTICLE
a) The Author agrees that the Publisher may edit the Article as suitable for publication in the Journal. To the extent that the Publisher’s edits amount to copyrightable works of authorship, the Publisher hereby assigns all right, title, and interest in such edits to the Author.
§3. WARRANTIES
a) The Author represents and warrants that to the best of the Author’s knowledge the Article does not defame any person, does not invade the privacy of any person, and does not in any other manner infringe upon the rights of any person. The Author agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Publisher against all such claims.
b) The Author represents and warrants that the Author has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to grant the licenses granted in this Agreement.
c) The Author represents and warrants that the Article furnished to the Publisher has not been published previously. For purposes of this paragraph, making a copy of the Article accessible over the Internet, including, but not limited to, posting the Article to a database accessible over the Internet, does not constitute prior publication so long as the as such copy indicates that the Article is not in final form, such as by designating such copy to be a “draft,” a “working paper,” or “work-in-progress”. The Author agrees to hold harmless the Publisher, its licensees and distributees, from any claim, action, or proceeding alleging facts that constitute a breach of any warranty enumerated in this paragraph.
§4. TERM
a) The agreement was concluded for an unspecified time.
§5. PAYMENT
a) The Author agrees and acknowledges that the Author will receive no payment from the Publisher for use of the Article or the licenses granted in this Agreement.
b) The Publisher agrees and acknowledges that the Publisher will not receive any payment from the Author for publication by the Publisher.
§6. ENTIRE AGREEMENT
a) This Agreement supersedes any and all other agreements, either oral or in writing, between the Author and the Publisher with respect to the subject of this Agreement. This Agreement contains all of the warranties and agreements between the parties with respect to the Article, and each party acknowledges that no representations, inducements, promises, or agreements have been made by or on behalf of any party except those warranties and agreements embodied in this Agreement.
b) In all cases not regulated by this Agreement, legal provisions of Polish Copyright Act and Polish Civil Code shall apply.
c) Any disputes arising from the enforcement of obligations connected with this Agreement shall be resolved by a court competent for the headquarters of the Publisher.
d) Any amendments or additions to the Agreement must be made in writing and signed by authorised representative of both parties, otherwise being ineffective.
e) This Agreement is signed electronically and the submission of the article via the PRESSto platform is considered as the conclusion of the Agreement by the Author and the Publisher.
f) Clause for consent to the processing of personal data - general
g) The Author shall give his or her consent to the processing of their personal data in accordance with the Act of 10 May 2018 on the protection of personal data and Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of persons physical in connection with the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46 / EC (General Data Protection Regulation) for the purpose and in connection with making publications available on the PRESSto scientific journals platform and DeGruyter platform, guaranteeing the security of services rendered, and improving them.
I HAVE READ AND AGREE FULLY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT.
The Author The Publisher