Palabras clave
pismo koreańskie
manuskrypt Hunmin-jeongeum
pismo dla ludzi prostych
pisanie pożyczonymi znakami chińskimi
Gugyeol
Hyangchal
Idu
konfucjanizm
uczony mąż konfucjański
mieszany styl koreańskiego z chińskimi znakami
nowa powieść
Cómo citar
Resumen
Pismo chińskie razem z księgami buddyjskimi dotarło do Korei około III w.n.e. Od tego momentu Korea oficjalnie została włączona do obszaru kultury i cywilizacji chińskiej (Cheon So-yeong 2007, 362). Mimo że ideograficzne pismo chińskie nie nadawało się do zapisu języka koreańskiego, Koreańczycy, którzy nie mieli swojego pisma, przyjęli znaki chińskie. Ideograficzne pismo chińskie stało się podstawą życia piśmiennego Koreańczyków aż do połowy XIX w. Początkowo pisma były formułowane w języku chińskim, czyli pisano nie tylko znakami chińskimi, lecz także stosowano szyk typowy dla tego języka. Jednocześnie należy zaznaczyć, że Koreańczycy czytali teksty pisane ideograficznym pismem chińskim, adaptując wymowę chińską do zasad języka koreańskiego. Z czasem zaczęły się pojawiać różne style piśmiennicze, np. gugyeol czy idu. Gugyeol był stylem, który charakteryzował się szykiem wyrazów typowym dla języka chińskiego. Był jedynie wzbogacony o morfemy gramatyczne (np. końcówki fleksyjne) nieobecne w języku chińskim, a istotne dla języka koreańskiego. Kolejnym etapem rozwoju języka pisanego było pisanie wciąż chińskimi znakami, ale z zastosowaniem szyku typowego dla zdania sformułowanego w języku koreańskim, a nie w języku chińskim, np. czasownik w funkcji orzeczenia został przesunięty na koniec zdania. Styl urzędowy, w którym widoczne są te zmiany, nazywany jest idu (이두, 吏讀). Prób zapisywania języka koreańskiego zapożyczonymi znakami chińskimi było wiele, ale żadna z metod nie była efektywna. W związku z tym król Sejong stworzył hangeul – alfabet dostosowany do perfekcyjnego zapisywania języka koreańskiego.
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