Słowa kluczowe
procedury karne
trudności komunikacyjne
tłumaczenie ustne
sprawiedliwe postępowanie sądowe
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
W istniejącej literaturze przedmiotu opis spraw kryminalnych z udziałem cudzoziemców sięga około piątego wieku. Jednak szczegółowe opisy problemów językowych wymagających udziału tłumaczy prawniczych zaczęły pojawiać się w okresie Edo (1603-1868), np. przypadek włoskiego misjonarza, który nielegalnie wjechał do Japonii w 1709 r., a także rabunek grobów Ainu przez brytyjskich urzędników konsularnych w 1865 r., wskazywały na trudności komunikacyjne między śledczym i oskarżonym w postępowaniu karnym. Jest to powszechne nawet dzisiaj. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historię tłumaczeń ustnych w odniesieniu do znanych przypadków, a także analizuje zmiany w kwestiach komunikacyjnych w postępowaniu karnym, w którym udział biorą osoby spoza Japonii. Przedstawiono również perspektywy dotyczące zmiany podejścia prawników do interpretacji prawnej na tle niedawnych reform sądownictwa, w tym wprowadzenia ławników i wizualizacji procesu dochodzenia.
Bibliografia
Books and articles
Berk-Seligson, Susan. 2002. The bilingual courtroom: Court interpreters in the judicial process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fukami, F. 1999. Tsūyaku no hitsuyō wa arimasen: Dōgo tai josei satsujin jiken saiban no kiroku [There is no need for interpreting: Record of a Thai woman’s murder trial in Dōgo]. Matsuyama: Sōfūsha.
General Secretariat, Supreme Court of Japan. 2017. Gozonji desu ka hōtei tsūyaku [Do you know court interpreting?](pamphlet)
Hale, Sandra. 2004. The discourse of court interpreting. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hori, Takahiko. 2011. Kaikoku to ēwa jiten [Opening of the country and English-Japanese dictionary]. Kamakura: Minato no-hito.
Hotta, Shugo. 2009. Saiban to kotoba no chikara [Trials and the power of language].Tokyo: HituziShobō.
Hotta, Shugo. 2010. Hō kontekisuto no gengo riron [Linguistic theory in the legal context].Tokyo: HituziShobō.
Katagiri, Kazuo. 1985. Oranda tsūji no kenkyū [Study on interpreters between the Dutch and Japanese].Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobun kan.
Katagiri, Kazuo. 1995. Oranda tsūji Imamura Gen-emon Eisei [Dutch-Japanese interpreter, Gen-emon Imamura Eisei]. Tokyo: Maruzen Library.
Mizuno, Makiko. 2005. Historical review of criminal cases involving foreigners and legal interpreting. The Journal of Senri Kinran University 2: 21–29.
Mizuno, Makiko. 2008. Nick Baker case: The challenges encountered in improving the quality control of legal interpretation in Japan. Kinjo Gakjuin Daigku Ronshu Studies in Social Science 5, 1: 34–41.
Mizuno, Makiko. 2015. The sentence-ending particle Ne used by lawyers in cross-examination and its English interpretation. Language and Law 2: 85–105.
Mizuno, Makiko. 2016. Double negative questions used at witness examinations and their interpretation. Kinjo Gakjuin Daigku Ronshu Studies in Social Science 12: 1–6.
Mizuno, Makiko, Yumiko Terada and Xiaufei Ma. 2016. The issue of court interpreting: Roundabout expressions and ambiguous wording used by lawyers in court. Language and Law 3: 61–80.
Nakamura, S. 2013. Issues of interpreting in the Bernice case. Language and Law 1: 27–37.
Nakamura, Sachiko, and Makiko Mizuno. 2010. Court experiment: Impact of interpreting on impressions of mock lay judges. A statistical study of language use in trials under the lay judge system. The Institute of Statistical Mathematics Cooperative Report 237: 53–66.
Oda, Itaru. 2014. A study on legal interpretation and selection of source language: Based on cases with Chinese dialects. The Bulletin of Chuo University Institute of Cultural Science 79: 63–116.
Shigematsu, Kazuyoshi. 1986. Gaikokujin keiji hōsei taikeika e no shiteki shiron: shijitsu, bunken no shōshū to taishō ryōiki no tansaku [Historical essay on the systematization of the criminal legal system involving foreigners: Collection of historical events and literature and exploration of the object domain]. The Bulletin of Chuo Gakuin University Sogo Kagaku Kenkyujo (research material) 3: 29–57.
Tanaka, Yasuha. 2005. Gaikokujin jiken to keiji shihōu: tsūyaku wo ukeru kenri to shihō tsūyakunin ni kansuru ichikousatsu [Cases involving foreign nationals and criminal justice: Discussion on the right to interpreters and legal interpreter]). Hokkaido University Graduate School of Law, Junior Research Journal 12: 1–41.
Yoshimura, Akira. 1991. Kurofune [Black ships]. Tokyo: Chūō kōron sha.
Yuzawa, Tadayuki. 2010. Kodai nihonjin to gaikokugo [Ancient Japanese people and foreign languages]. Tokyo: Bensei shuppan.
Watanabe, Osamu. 2012. Saiban-in saiban to “goyaku enzai”: Garusupaha Benīsu jiken [Lay judge trial and “wrongful conviction due to misinterpretation”: Bernice Gerspacher Case]. In Mitsui Makoto Sensei Koki Shukuga Ronbunshū [Essays to celebrate Professor Makoto Mitsui’s 70th Birthday], ed. M. Inoue and T. Sakamaki, 725–750. Tokyo: Yūhikaku.
Newspapers
Ikeda, Teiichi and Noritake Misawa. 2016. Hotei tsūyaku, mondai darake [Court interpreting, so many mistakes]. Tokyo Newspaper, October 18.
Yomiuri Newspaper. 2017. Torishirabe tsūyaku misu 120 ken cho [Over 120 interpretation errors at interrogation]. May 24.
Websites
Tamagawa Gakuen, Tamagawa University and Taga, Kenji. Genko wa naze okita ka, nihon wa dō kawatta ka [Why Mongolian invasion occurred and how Japan changed]. http://www.tamagawa.ac.jp/sisetu/kyouken/kamakura/genkou/index.html (accessed April 15, 2018).
The Japan Federation of Bar Associations. Opinion Concerning Proposal for Legislation Regarding Court Interpreters. https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/en/document/opinionpapers/20130718.html (accessed May 5, 2018).
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Center for Multilingual Multicultural Education and Research http://www.tufs.ac.jp/blog/ts/g/cemmer/news/post-23.html (accessed June 14, 2018).
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