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językoznawstwo kognitywne
modalność
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Artykuł integruje trzy obszary badań językoznawczych: pragmatyczną teorię aktów mowy, językoznawstwo kognitywne oraz badania nad językiem prawa. Głównym celem dyskusji jest wskazanie na adekwatność użycia aparatu językoznawstwa kognitywnego w analizie aktów mowy występujących w języku prawa. Uwaga skupiona jest na użyciu deontycznych wyrażeń modalnych, przede wszystkim deontycznego użycia czasownika "shall". Dyskusja ilustrowana jest przykładami zaczerpniętymi z korpusu dokumentów prawnych, które były tworzone w języku angielskim i tłumaczone na język polski.
Czasownik "shall" w dokumentach prawnych używany jest głównie w celu narzucenia obowiązku lub udzielenia praw, zatem w kategoriach teorii aktów mowy i w ujęciu pragmatycznym często stanowi nośnik dla mocy illokucyjnej wiązanej zarówno z asercją, jak i dyrektywą. W ujęciu gramatyki tradycyjnej w języku angielskim, który nie posiada morfologicznie oznaczonych form czasu przyszłego jego użycie może być widziane jako amalgamat deontyczności i futurum.
Artykuł sugeruje, że zaproponowana w językoznawstwie kognitywnym teoria amalgamatów (cognitive blending) pozwala na właściwy opis większości użyć deontycznego "shall" w języku prawa. Semantykę "shall" charakteryzuje bardzo duża wrażliwość na kontekst użycia, natomiast teoria amalgamatów stara się opisać dynamikę konstruowania znaczenia w kontekście. Znaczenie "shall" wykazuje ciągłą dynamikę i jego swoista ewolucja może być widziana jako wciąż dynamiczny proces gramatykalizacji, w którym istotnym czynnikiem są elementy kontekstu prawa.
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