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pozytywny wizerunek
dyskryminacja
korzyści ekonomiczne
odpowiedzialność zbiorowa
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Abstrakt
Artykuł ma na celu naszkicowanie i wyjaśnienie zmian publicznego postrzegania osób cierpiących na głuchotę, ślepotę lub niepełnosprawność intelektualną w Korei okresu Joseon. W XV wieku Wielki Kodeks Administracji Państwowej (경국대전, 經國大典 Gyeongguk Daejeon) zakazał dyskryminacji osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Szczególnie ucieszyli się z tego ślepcy i głusi. Państwo w celu rekompensaty ograniczonych możliwości zapewniło im korzyści ekonomiczne, takie jak zwolnienie z podatków, tworząc tym samym raczej sprzyjające warunki społeczne dla osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Wierzono wręcz, że niektórzy ślepcy posiadają zdolności wróżbiarskie. W XVIII wieku na sile zaczęło jednak przybierać negatywne postrzeganie osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Zwiększająca się częstotliwość dokumentowania odwołań do niepełnosprawności jako przedmiotu wyłudzeń sugeruje, że zarówno państwo jak i społeczeństwo postrzegało niepełnosprawnych jako ‘osoby bezużyteczne’ (폐인). Bazując na historiach sądowych, antologiach literackich, spisach wojskowych i dokumentacji oddziałów militarnych artykuł argumentuje, że całościowa zmiana w gospodarce Joseon przełożyła się na dyskryminację osób z niepełnosprawnościami. W szczególności do negatywnego wizerunku przyczyniły się zmiany w systemie obrony militarnej i powiązany z nimi podatek wojskowy (군포), które podzieliły społeczeństwo na gospodarstwa domowe współdzielące zobowiązania podatkowe. W XIX wieku ostrzejsze podejście państwa do osób z niepełnosprawnościami przygotowało podłoże do narastającej dyskryminacji tej grupy we współczesnej Korei, zaostrzone przez wprowadzenie zachodniej koncepcji eugeniki.
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