Słowa kluczowe
gansinmu
seseupmu
choroba szamańska
gut (szamański rytuał)
ideologia szamańska
patriarchat
koreański buddyzm
koreańska religia fundamentalna
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Abstrakt
Szamanizm jest jedną z najstarszych religii i istnieje niemal na całym świecie. Koreański szamanizm wykazuje jednak pewne cechy szczególne odróżniające go od innych form tego zjawiska na świecie, gdyż jest zmonopolizowany przez kobiety. W artykule zostaną przedstawione główne przyczyny tego faktu. Koreański szamanizm nigdy nie został zaakceptowany przez klasę rządzącą jako oficjalna religia, nie był także popierany przez elitę społeczeństwa i w związku z tym musiał funkcjonować ajedynie na marginesie kultury koreańskiej. Konfucjański patriarchat w czasie dynastii Joseon (1392-1897) istotnie przyczynił się do tego, że koreański szamanizm został religią kobiet. Według ideologii konfucjańskiej, w sprawach rodzinnych należy dokonywać segregacji płciowej, która została rozszerzona nawet na sferę rytuałów religijnych. Mężczyźni zaspokajali swoje potrzeby religijne praktykując konfucjanizm, ale całkowicie wykluczyli z niego kobiety. Skoro zaś kobiety zostały wykluczone z rytuałów konfucjańskich, musiały znaleźć jakąś religię dla siebie. Bogowie czczeni w koreańskim szamanizmie oraz sam rytuał szamański były bowiem traktowane przez klasę rządzącą jako trywialne, wręcz wulgarne i nadające się jedynie dla ludzi klas niższych i kobiet. Bogowie szamanizmu koreańskiego nie są istotami dostarczającymi ludziom szlachetnych ideałów lub marzeń a jedynie pomagają im w życiu codziennym chroniąc przed nieszczęściami i gwarantując szczęście. Koreański rytuał szamański składa się głównie z tańców i śpiewu. Szamani komunikują się z bogami-patronami w transie osiągniętym poprzez energiczne i energetyczne tańce. Należy jednak pamiętać, że w zdominowanym przez ideologię konfucjańską okresie panowania dynastii Joseon takie zachowanie było postrzegane jako bardzo nieodpowiednie dla mężczyzn
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