Abstract
The wild legume Canavalia rosea (known in India as C. maritima) grows on coastal sand dunes of Southwest India. Anthers and 8 other explant types of this species (tender pods, cotyledons of ripened beans, cotyledons of germinated dry seeds, hypocotyls, young shoot buds, nodes, internodes, and roots) were used for in vitro culture. Among them, cotyledons and hypocotyls of germinated dry seeds showed a positive response. Friable callus production was seen within 4 weeks at the cut ends of cotyledon explants in MS medium fortifed with 1 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP. Cotyledon explants of seedlings also showed shoot bud induction in MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP. Increased shoot bud induction was seen at elevated concentrations of hormones (7-27%). Hypocotyls inserted upside down on the medium with 1 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP, gave rise to leafy shoots within 4 weeks. Solitary or multiple somatic embryos emerged from the 10 week-old calli of cotyledons supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 each of BAP and 2iP. Secondary embryos were also induced in some of the somatic embryos. Hypocotyls excised from 3-5-day-old seedlings in MS medium at low concentrations of auxins, produced roots within 3 weeks. The stem cuttings treated with IBA (0.25 mg L-1) increased the percentage of rooting response. Conventional methods of propagation of C. rosea through seeds may fail due to seed dormancy and mortality of the seedlings under the hostile conditions of coastal sand dunes, thus in vitro and ex vitro culture and hardening techniques may be feasible for rehabilitation. Moreover, such cultured tissues may serve for extraction of secondary metabolites.
References
Arun A. B., Sridhar K. R. 2004. Symbiotic performance of fast-growing rhizobia isolated from the coastal sand dune legumes of west coast of India. Biol. Fert. Soils 40: 435-439.
Arun A. B., Raviraja N. S., Sridhar K. R. 2001. Effect of temperature, salinity and burial on seed germination and seedling emergence of fve coastal sand dune legumes. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 27: 23-29.
Balestri E., Luccarini G., Cinelli F. 2001. Isolation of leaf protoplasts from Pancratium maritimum L. and two other dune plants: possible applications. J. Coast. Res. 17: 188-194.
Bhagya B., Sridhar K. R. 2009. Ethnobiology of coastal sand dune legumes of southwest India. Indian J. Trad. Knowl. 9: 611-620.
Celsi C. E., Monserrat A. L. 2008. Vascular plants, coastal dunes between Pehuen-có and Monte Hermoso, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Check List 4: 37-46.
Chen W.-M., Lee T.-M., Lam C.-C., Cheng C.-P. 2000. Characterization of halotolerant rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Canavalia rosea from seaside areas. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 34: 9-16.
Cook D. A., Decker D. M., Gallagher J. L. 1989. Regeneration of Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. (Seashore Mallow) from callus cultures. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 17: 11-19.
Da Silva, Fabia M. B., Moreira R. A., Horta A. C. G., Silva A. L. C. 2005. The lectin content of cotyledonary callus from Canavalia brasiliensis. Asian J. Pl. Sci. 4: 214-219.
Davey M. R., Kumar V., Hammatt N. 1994. In vitro culture of legumes. In: Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (Vasil I. K., Thorpe T. A., Eds), pp. 313-329, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
D'Cunha M., Sridhar K. R. 2011. Micropropagation of Canavalia cathartica of coastal sand dunes. J. Agric. Technol. 7: 85-96.
Ekanayake S., Skog K., Asp N.-G. 2007. Canavanine content in sword beans (Canavalia gladiata): Analysis and effect of processing. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45: 797-803.
Garton S., Moses M. 1985. Production of native plants in tissue culture. Combined Proc. Int. Pl. Propagators' Soc. 35: 306-317.
Ghosh B. N., Dasgupta B., Sircar P. K. 1985. Lectin concanavalin A distribution at different stages in the tissues of Canavalia gladiata. Curr. Sci. 54: 80-82.
Hwang I. D., Koh S. C., Kwon Y. M. 1991. Induction and free amino acid analysis of callus from Canavalia lineata leaf. Korean J. Bot. 34: 223-228.
Hwang I. D., Kim S. G., Kwon Y. M. 1996a. Canavanine metabolism in tissue cultures of Canavalia lineata. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 45: 17-23.
Hwang I. D., Kim S. G., Kwon Y. M. 1996b. Canavanine synthesis in the in vitro propagated tissues of Canavalia lineata. Pl. Cell Rep. 16: 180-183.
Jayavardhanan K. K., Padikkala K., Panikkar K. R. 1996. Lectin synthesis in callus culture established from seeds of Canavalia virosa. Biol. Plant. 38: 329-334.
Kane M. E., Sheehan T. J., Dehgan B., Philman N. L. 1989. In vitro propagation of Florida native plants. Proc. Florida St. Hort. Soc. 102: 264-268.
Kane M. E., Bird K. T., Lee T. M. 1993. In vitro propagation of Ipomoea pes-caprae (railroad-vine). J. Coast. Res. 9: 356-362.
Kathiravan K., Ignacimuthu S. 1999. Micropropagation of Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. A medicinal plant. Phytomorphology 49: 61-66.
Kathiravan K., Sheshadri S., Prakash S., Ignacimuthu S. 2001. Biotechnological applications in grain legume improvement: A critical review. Pl. Cell Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. 2: 1-18.
Moreno-Casasola P. 1988 Patterns of plant species distribution on coastal dunes along the Gulf of Mexico. J. Biogeogr. 15: 787-806.
Murashige T., Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497.
Nickell L. G. 1956. The continuous submerged cultivation of plant tissue as single cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 42: 848-850.
Nitsch J. P. 1969. Experimental androgenssis in Nicotiana. Phytomorphology 19: 389-404.
Ozaki K. 1993. Plantlet Formation from the Callus of Primary Leaf in Sword Bean [Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC.]. Pl. Tiss. Cult. Lett. 10: 45-48.
Parrott W. A., Williams E. G., Hildebrand D. F., Collins G. B., Williams E. G. 1989. Effect of genotype on somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of soybean. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 16: 15-21.
Pattnaik S. K., Chand P. K. 1996. In vitro propagation of the medicinal herbs Ocimum americanum L. syn. O. canum Sims (hoary basil) and Ocimum sanctum (holy basil). Pl. Cell Rep. 15: 846-850.
Pattanaik C., Reddy C. S., Dhal N. K. 2008. Phytomedicinal study of coastal sand dune species of Orissa. Ind. J. Trad. Know. 7: 263-268
Ramírez M., Alpizar L., Quiroz J., Oropeza C. 1992. Formation of L-canavanine in vitro culture of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 30: 231-235.
Rao T. A., Sherieff A. N. 2002. Coastal Ecosystem of the Karnataka State, India II - Beaches. Karnataka Association for the Advancement of Science, Bangalore, India.
Sato A., Barcellos G. B. S., Riedel E. C., Carneiro J. A., Carlini C. R., Esquibel M. A. 1993. The presence of concanavalin A and canatoxin in Canavalia ensiformis DC. tissue culture. Pl. Cell Rep. 12: 233-236.
Seena S., Sridhar K. R. 2004. Endophytic fungal diversity of 2 sand dune wild legumes from the southwest coast of India. Can. J. Microbiol. 50: 1015-1021.
Seena S., Sridhar K. R. 2006. Nutritional and microbiological features of little known legumes, Canavalia cathartica Thouars and C. maritima Thouars of the southwest coast of India. Current Science 90: 1638-1650.
Sridhar K. R. 2009. Bioresources of coastal sand dunes - Are they neglected? In: Coastal Environments: Problems and Perspectives. (Jayappa K. S. & Narayana A. C., Eds), pp. 53-76, IK International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Sridhar K. R., Bhagya B. 2007. Coastal sand dune vegetation: a potential source of food, fodder and pharmaceuticals. Livestock Res. Rural Develop. 19: Article # 84, http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd19/6/srid19084.htm http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd19/6/srid19084.htm
Sridhar K. R., Seena S. 2006. Nutritional and antinutritional significance of four unconventional legumes of the genus Canavalia - A comparative study. Food Chem. 99: 267-288.
Straub P. F., Debra M., Gallagher J. L. 1988. Tissue culture and long term regeneration of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 15: 73-78.
Vanisree M., Lee C.-Y., Lo S.-F., Nalawade S. M., Lin C. Y., Tsay H.-S. 2004. Studies on the production of some important secondary metabolites from medicinal plants by plant tissue cultures. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica 45: 1-22.
License
Ten utwór jest dostępny na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa - Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.