Keywords
section Ceratocystis
Cyperaceae
taxonomic classification
morphology
variation
soil conditions
hybrids
key to identification
How to Cite
Number of views: 12
Number of downloads: 8
Abstract
Sedges of Carex flava agg., typical of moist or wet habitats, are difficult to classify because of a lack of clear-cut morphological differences between them and the existence of numerous hybrids. This monograph presents results of research conducted in 2007-2012 in various parts of Poland. The plant material consisted of 1852 living specimens of Carex flava agg., collected from 80 localities, and dried specimens from 26 herbaria and from 7 private collections. The analysis involved 45 morphological characters (34 quantitative and 11 qualitative) and 9 soil parameters. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical methods were used to process the data. The results confirm the taxonomic classification dividing the C. flava group into 4 species: C. flava s.s., C. lepidocarpa, C. demissa, and C. viridula. This classification is based on (i) a high observed level of morphological separation of these taxa, resulting mostly from differences in generative characters, i.e. length of the utricle and its beak, and percentage ratio of beak length to total utricle length; (ii) integrity of the taxa at the sites where they coexist, although some intermediate forms resulting from hybridization are also present; (iii) habitat preferences of the taxa, especially the preference of C. lepidocarpa for calcareous sites and of C. demissa for slightly acidic soils. Thus in Poland the analysed taxa are morphologically well-defined and show clear ecological preferences. Continuous variation of morphological characters was observed among specimens of C. viridula, so it is not justifiable to distinguish its subspecies (sometimes classified even as separate species), described previously in literature. Consequently, the 2 subgroups of C. viridula were treated as local variants (i.e. varieties: var. viridula and var. pulchella), considering their different habitat requirements. Additionally, 5 hybrids were distinguished within C. flava agg.: C. ×alsatica [= C. demissa × C. flava], C. ×ruedtii [= C. flava × C. lepidocarpa], C. ×schatzii [= C. lepidocarpa × C. viridula], C. ×subviridula [= C. flava × C. viridula], and C. demissa × C. viridula; as well as 2 hybrids with C. hostiana as one of the parents: C. ×fulva [= C. demissa × C. hostiana] and C. ×leutzii [= C. hostiana × C. lepidocarpa].
References
Arnold M. L. 1997. Natural hybridization and evolution. 215 pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bachmann K. 1995. Progress and pitfalls in systematics: cladistics, DNA and morphology. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 44(4): 403-419.
Barton N. H. 2001. The role of hybridization in evolution. Molecular Ecology 10: 551-568.
Barton N. H. & Hewitt G. M. 1989. Adaptation, speciation and hybrid zones. Nature 341: 497-503.
Blackstock N. 2007. A re-assessment of the yellow sedges Carex flava agg. (Cyperaceae) in the British Isles. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Lancaster, England.
Blackstock N. & Ashton P. A. 2001. A re-assessment of the putative Carex flava agg. (Cyperaceae) hybrids at Malham Tarn (v.c. 64): A morphometric analysis. Watsonia 23: 505-516 .
Blackstock N. & Ashton P. A. 2010. Genetic markers and morphometric analysis reveal past hybridization and introgression in putative Carex flava L. s.str. (Cyperaceae) hybrid populations. Plant Syst Evol 287: 37-47.
Blackstock N. & Jermy C. 2001. Identyfication Yellowsedges Carex flava aggregate. British Wildlife 12(5): 345-351.
Bosiacka B. & Więcław H. 2012. Carex extensa (Cyperaceae) rediscovered in Poland. Polish Botanical Journal 57(2): 371-374.
Bruederle L. P. & Jensen U. 1991. Genetic differentiation of Carex flava and Carex viridula in West Europe (Cyperaceae). Syst. Bot. 16: 41-49.
Brzosko E. 1999. The life history of Carex cespitosa: Consequences for population dynamics and vegetation succession. Polish Bot. Studies 14: 3-60.
Brzosko E. 2001. Changes in population structure of Carex cespitosa during 10 years of secondary succession in an abandoned meadow in Białowieża, Poland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 38: 249-258.
Cayouette J. & Catling P. M. 1992. Hybridization in the genus Carex with special reference to North America. Botanical Review 58(4): 351-438.
Ceynowa M. 1969. Turzyca poznańska - Carex posnaniensis Sprib. na nowych stanowiskach nad Wisłą. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 15(2): 173-178.
Chater A. O. 1980. Carex L. In: T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A Burges., D. M. Moore, S. M. Walters & D. A. Webb (eds.). Flora Europaea, vol. 5 Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones), pp. 290-323. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Clymo R. S. 1962. An experimental approach to part of the calcicole problem. Journal of Ecology 50: 707-731.
Crins W. J. 1985. The taxonomy of Carex section Ceratocystis in North America and Northen Eurasia. Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Canada.
Crins W. J. 2002. Carex sect. Ceratocystis Dumort. In: P. W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek & D. F. Murray (eds.). Flora of North America north of Mexico, vol. 23, pp. 523-537. Oxford University Press, New York.
Crins W. J. & Ball P. W. 1987. Variation in Carex hostiana (Cyperaceae). Rhodora 89: 247-259.
Crins W. J. & Ball P. W. 1988. Sectional limits and phylogenetic consideration in Carex section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae). Brittonia 40: 38-47.
Crins W. J. & Ball P. W. 1989a. Taxonomy of the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in North America and northern Eurasia. I. Numerical taxonomy and character analysis. Can. J. Bot. 67: 1032-1047.
Crins W. J. & Ball P. W. 1989b. Taxonomy of the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in North America and northern Eurasia. II. Taxonomic treatment. Can. J. Bot. 67: 1048-1065.
Ćwikliński E. 1986. Rejon obfitego występowania Carex aristata R. Br. w województwie szczecińskim i nowy zespół Caricetum aristati. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 29(3-4): 393-400.
Davies E. W. 1953a. Notes on Carex flava and its alliens. I. A sedge new to the British Isles. Watsonia 3: 66-69.
Davies E. W. 1953b. Notes on Carex flava and its alliens. II. Carex lepidocarpa in the British Isles. Watsonia: 3:70-73.
Davies E. W. 1953c. Notes on Carex flava and its alliens. III. The taxonomy and morphology of the British representatives. Watsonia 3: 74-79.
Davies E. W. 1955. The cytogenetics of Carex flava and its allies. Watsonia 3: 129-137.
Davies E. W. 1956. The ecology and distribution of Carex flava and its allies in the British Isles. Botaniska Notiser 109: 51-74.
Derieg N. J., Sanga ump hai A. & Bruederle L. P. 2008. Genetic diversity and endemism in North American Carex section Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae). Am. J. Bot. 95(10): 1287-1296.
Derieg N. J., Weil S. J., Reznicek A. A. & Bruederle L. P. 2013. Carex viridistellata sp. nov. (Cyperaceae), a new cryptic species from prairie fens of the Eastern United States. Syst. Bot. 38(1): 82-91.
Du Rietz G. E. 1930. The fundamental units of biological taxonomy. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 24: 333-428.
Egorova T. V. 1999. The sedges (Carex L.) of Russia and adjacent states (within the limits of the former USSR). 772 pp. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Saint-Louis.
Fagerström L. 1967. Studien an der Carex-section Extensae Fr. Acta Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 79(3): 1-14.
Frodin D. G. 2004. History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 53: 753-776.
Gehrke B. 2011. Synopsis of Carex (Cyperaceae) from sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Bot J Linn Soc 166: 51-99.
Goetghebeur P. 1998. Monocotyledons. In: K. Kubitzki, H.
Huber, P. J. Rusall, P. S. Stevens & T. Stützel (eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 4. pp. 141-190. Springer, Berlin.
Govaerts R. & Simp son D. A. 2007. World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Govaerts R., Koopman J., Simpson D., Goetghebeur P., Wilson K., Egorova T. & Bruhl J. 2010. World checklist of Cyperaceae. Kew: The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Available at http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/monocots/ (accessed 25 May 2011).
Grant V. 1981. Plant speciation. 563 pp. Columbia University Press, New York.
Grulich V. & Řepka R. 2002. Carex L. - ostřice. In: K. Kubát, L. Hrouda, J. jun. Chrtek, Z. Kaplan, J. Kirschner, & Štěpánek J. (eds). Klíč ke květeně České republiky, pp. 801-820. Academia, Praha.
Halkka L., Toivonen H., Saa rio S. & Pykälä J. 1992. Chromosome counts in the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in Finland. Nordic J. Bot. 12: 651-655.
Hav lícková J. 1982. Carex flava-complex in the Czech lands. I. Analysis of the variability of morphological characters. Preslia 54: 201-222.
Hedrén M. 1990. Problems in Carex jemtlandica and C. bergrothii (Cyperaceae) in Sweden. Sommerfeltia 11: 109-115.
Hedrén M. 1994. Morfologisk variation hos näbbstarr och jämtstarr (Carex lepidocarpa s. l.) i Sverige. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 88: 129-141.
Hedrén M. 1996. Genetic differentiation among Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish Carex lepidocarpa s.lat. (Cyperaceae). Symbolae Botanicae Upssalienses 31: 105-113.
Hedrén M. 1998. Status of Carex bergrothii (Cyperaceae) on Gotland SE Sweden. Nordic J. Bot. 18: 41-49.
Hedrén M. 2002. Patterns of allozyme and morphological differentiation in the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in Fennoscandia. Nordic J. Bot. 22: 257-301.
Hedrén M. 2004. Species delimitation and the partitioning of genetic diversity - an example from the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae). Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 297-316.
Hedrén M. & Prentice H. C. 1996. Allozyme variation and racial differentiation in Swedish Carex lepidocarpa s.l. (Cyperaceae). Biol J Linn Soc 59: 179-200.
Heide O. M. 1997. Environmental control of flowering in some northen Carex species. Ann. Bot. 79: 319-327.
Heide O. M. 2004. Environmental control of flowering and sex expression in Carex flava. Physiologia Plantarum 121: 691-698.
Hendrichs M., Oberwinkler F., Begerow D. & Bauer R. 2004. Carex, subgenus Carex (Cyperaceae) - A phylogenetic approach using ITS sequences. Plant Syst Evol 246: 89-107.
Hipp A. L., Rothrock P. E. & Roalson E. H. 2009. The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae). Bot Rev 75: 96-109.
Holub J. 1999. Carex viridula Michx. subsp. pseudosacandinavica Holub. In: Red data book of threatened plants and animals of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic 5. Higher plants. 286 pp. Příroda, Bratislava.
Holub J., Procházka F. & Čeř ovský J. 1979. List of extinct, endemic and threatened of vascular plants of the flora of the Czech Socialist Republic (first draft)]. Preslia 51: 213-237.
Janyszek M. & Jagodziński A. M. 2009. Variability of perigynium morphology of Central European members of Carex sect. Phaestoglochin (Cyperaceae) from variable plant communities. Plant Syst Evol 278: 87-99.
Jasiewicz A. 1965. Rośliny naczyniowe Bieszczadów Zachodnich. Monogr. Bot. 20: 3-337.
Jermy J., Simp son D. A., Foley M. & Porter M. 2007. Sedges of the British Isles. 554 pp. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.
Jiménez-Mejías P. & Luceño M. 2009. Carex castroviejoi Luceño & Jim.-Mejías (Cyperaceae), a new species from North Greek mountains. Acta Botanica Malacitana 34: 231-233.
Jiménez-Mejías P., Martín-Brav o S. & Luceño M. 2012a. Systematics and taxonomy of Carex sect. Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae) in Europe: a molecular and cytogenetic approach. Syst. Bot. 37(2): 382-398.
Jiménez-Mej ías P., Martin-Bravo S., Rat M., Anačkov G. & Luceño M. 2012b. New records of Southeast European Carex L. (Cyperaceae). Biologia Serbica 34 (1-2): 100-102.
Kaźmierski A. 2004. Refleksje nad koncepcjami gatunku. In: W. Niedbała & K. Łastowski (eds.). Gatunek w systematyce. pp. 9-18. Polskie Towarzystwo Taksonomiczne i Biologica Silesiae, Wrocław-Poznań.
Kiff e K. 1998. Aktuelle Vorkommen von Hybriden innerhalb der Carex flava Gruppe (Cyperaceae) in Westfalen. Natur und Heimat 58(1): 1-8.
Kiffe K. 2001. Die Hybriden zwischen Carex hostiana und den Arten der Carex flava-Gruppe in Nordrhein- Westfalen. Floristische Rundbriefe 35(1/2): 61-71.
Klimk o M. 1981. Zmienność populacji i stanowisko systematyczne Carex nigra (L.) Reichard w Polsce. PTPN, Prace Kom. Biol. 57: 5-72.
Kondracki J. 2002. Geografia regionalna Polski. 441 pp. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa.
Koopma n J. 2010. Carex-hybriden in Nederland. Gorteria 34: 159-169.
Koopma n J. 2011. Carex Europaea. The genus Carex L. (Cyperaceae) in Europe, 1. Accepted names, hybrids, synonyms, distribution, chromosome numbers. 726 pp. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim.
Krawiecowa A. & Kuczyńska I. 1959. Carex aristata R. Br. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 5(3): 389-396.
Kukk onen I. 1984. New infraspecific taxa and nomenclatural combinations in Carex (Cyperaceae) in the Flora Iranica area. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 21: 383-389.
Kükenthal G. 1909. Cyperaceae-Caricoideae. In: A. Engler (ed). Das Pflanzenreich. vol. 4 (21), pp. 1-824. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
Latowski K. 2004. O zróżnicowaniu wewnątrzgatunkowym u magnoliofitów. In: W. Niedbała & K. Łastowski (eds.). Gatunek w systematyce. 76-90 pp. Polskie Towarzystwo Taksonomiczne i Biologica Silesiae, Wrocław-Poznań.
LeBlond R. J., Weakley A. S., Reznicek A. A. & Crins W. J. 1994. Carex lutea (Cyperaceae), a rare new Coastal Plain endemic from North Carolina. Sida 16: 152-161.
Lemb icz M., Bogdanowicz A. & Żukowski W. 2006. Production and structure of unisexual and bisexual inflorescences in populations of Carex secalina (Cyperaceae). Polish Bot. Studies 22: 343-346.
Lemb icz M., Rogowski A., Jarmołowski A., Bogdanowicz A. & Żukowski W. 2010. Historical versus present populations of the sedge Carex repens: a comparision on the basis of molecular date. Phytotaxa 3: 19-26.
López A. & Morrone O. 2012. Phylogenetic studies in Axonopus (Poaceae, Panicoideae, Paniceae) and related genera: morphology and molecular (nuclear and plastid) combined analyses. Syst. Bot. 37(3): 671-676.
Luceño M. 1994. Monografias del genero Carex en la Peninsula Iberica e Islas Baleares. Ruizia 14: 1-139.
Luceño M. 1999. Dos combinaciones nuevas en Cyperaceae. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 57(1): 176.
Luceño M. & Castroviejo S. 1993. Cytotaxonomic studies in the sections Spirostachyae (Drejer) Bailey and Ceratocystis Dumort. of the genus Carex L. (Cyperaceae) with special reference to Iberian and North African taxa. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 112: 335-350.
Luceño M. & Jiménez-Mejías P. 2007. Sect. Ceratocystis Dumort. In: S. Castroviejo, M. Luceño & A. Galán (eds.). Flora Iberica. Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. 18: 191-203. Cyperaceae- Pontederiaceae. Real Jardín Botánico, Csic, Madrit.
Mayr E. 1957. Species concepts and definitions. In: E. Mayr (ed.). The species problem. American Association for Advancement of Science Publication. 50: 1-22, Washington.
van der Meijden R. & Holverda W. J. 2006. Revisie van het NHN-hermariummateriaal van Carex lepidocarpa Tausch (Schubzegge) en Carex flava L. (Gele zegge) in Nederland. Gorteria 31(6): 129-136.
Mirek Z., Musiał L. & Wójcicki J. J. 1997. Polish Herbaria. Polish Bot. Stud. Guidebook Series 8: 1-116.
Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A. & Zając M. 2002. Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A checklist. In: Z. Mirek (ed.). Biodiversity of Poland, vol. 1, pp. 442. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.
Mitka J. 2004. Taksonomia lineuszowska w dobie biologii molekularnej. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Polonica, Suppl. 6: 9-31.
Molina A., Acedo C. & Llama s F. 2012. A comparative study of the inflorescence in the genus Carex (Cyperaceae). Syst. Bot. 37(2): 365-381.
Odrzykoski I. J. 2004. Gatunki kryptyczne u mszaków. In: W. Niedbała & K. Łastowski (eds.). Gatunek w systematyce. pp. 58-75. Polskie Towarzystwo Taksonomiczne i Biologica Silesiae, Wrocław-Poznań.
Palmgren A. 1946. Carex oederi Retz. × oedocarpa (Ands.), C. oederi Retz. *pulchella Lönnr., C. viridula Michx. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 22: 119-128.
Palmg ren A. 1959. Carex-gruppen Fulvellae Fr. i Fennoskandien I. Flora Fennica 2: 1-165.
Patzke E. & Podlech D. 1960. Die Verbreitung der Carex flava-gruppe im nördlichen Rheingebiet. Decheniana 113: 265-273.
Pawlikowski P. 2010. Carex disperma Dewey versus Carex loliacea L. (Cyperaceae): distribution dynamics and conservation status in Poland. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 79(4): 277-283.
Pykälä J. 1994. The ecology and distribution of Carex lepidocarpa subsp. lepidocarpa in Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 31: 261-274.
Pykälä J. & Toivonen H. 1994. Taxonomy of the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in Finland. Nordic J. Bot. 14: 173-191.
Raciborski M. 1919. Cyperales. In: M. Raciborski & W. Szaf er (eds.). Flora Polska. Rośliny naczyniowe Polski i ziem ościennych. 1. Paprotniki, iglaste i jednoliścienne, pp. 155-320. Akademia Umiejętności, Kraków.
Reznicek A. A. 1990. Evolution in sedges (Carex, Cyperaceae). Can. J. Bot. 68: 1409-1432.
Rich M. D. B. 1998. Carex. In: T. C. G. Rich & A. C. Jermy (eds.). Plant Crib. 400 pp. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.
Rieseberg L. H. 1995. The role of hybridization in evolution: old wine in a new skins. Am. J. Bot. 82: 944-953.
Rieseberg L. H. 1997. Hybrid origins of plant species. Annual Reviews Ecology and Systematics 28: 359-389.
Roalson E. H. 2008. A synopsis of chromosome number variation in the Cyperaceae. Botanical Review 74: 209-393.
Roalson E. H., Columbus T. J. & Friar E. A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in Cariceae (Cyperaceae) based on ITS (nrDNA) and trnT-L-F (cpDNA) region sequences: assessment of subgeneric and sectional relationships in Carex with emphasis on section Acrocystis. Syst. Bot. 26: 318-341.
Rotreklová O., Bureš P., Řepka R., Grulich V., Šmardal P., Hralova I., Zedek F. & Koutecky T. 2011. Chromosome numbers of Carex. Preslia 83: 25-58.
Salo V., Pykälä J. & Toivonen H. 1994. Achene epidermis in the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) studied by scanning electron microscopy. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 31: 45-52.
Schmid B. 1981. Die Verbreitung der Artengruppe Carex flava L. s.l. in der Schweiz. Botanica Helvetica 91: 3-8.
Schmid B. 1982. Karyology and hybridization in the Carex flava complex in Switzerland. Feddes Repertorium 93: 23-59.
Schmid B. 1983. Notes of nomenclature and taxonomy of the Carex flava group in Europe. Watsonia 14: 309-319.
Schmid B. 1984a. Life histories in clonal plants of the Carex flava group. J. Ecol. 72: 93-114.
Schmid B. 1984b. Niche width and variation within and between populations in colonizing species (Carex flava group). Oecologia 63: 1-5.
Schmid B. 1986a. Patterns of variation and population structure in the Carex flava group. Symbolae Botanicae Uppsaliensis 27: 113-126.
Schmid B. 1986b. Colonizing plants with persistent seeds and persistent seedlings (Carex flava group). Botanica Helvetica 96: 19-26.
Sell P. 1996. Carex section Ceratocystis Dumort. In: P.
Sell & G. Murrell (eds.). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 5. pp. 109-111. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Skårma n J. A. O. 1940. Carex oederi Ehrh. *pulchella Lönnr. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 34: 409-419.
Sneath P. H. A. & Sokal R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. The principles and practice of numerical classification. 573 pp. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
Sokal R. R. & Crovello T. J. 1970. The biological species concept: A critical evaluation. American Naturalist 104: 127-153.
Sotek Z. 2006. The distribution of Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. in Poland. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 75(4): 293-296.
Sotek Z. 2008. The distribution of Carex hartmanii Cajander in Poland. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 77(4): 323-326.
Stace C. A. 1989. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics. 265 pp. Edward Arnold, London.
Stace C. A. 2005. New flora of the British Isles. 1232 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Statsoft Inc. 2007. Statistica (data analysis software system), v. 8.0. www.statsoft.com.
Stoeva M. P. & Štepánková J. 1990. Variation patterns within the Carex flava agg. in Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. Preslia 62: 1-24.
Štepánková J. 2008. Carex derelicta, a new species from the Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic). Preslia 80: 389-397.
Szczepanik-Janyszek M. 2001. Studia systematyczno-geograficzne nad gatunkami z rodzaju Carex L., z sekcji Muehlenbergianae (L. H. Bailey) Kük. w Polsce. Rozprawy Naukowe 311, pp. 71. Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu, Poznań.
Szczepanik-Janyszek M. & Woźnica M. 2001. Taksonomia i rozmieszczenie gatunków z rodzaju Carex L., z sekcji Vulpinae (Carey) Christ. w województwie wielkopolskim. Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu 334, Seria Botanica 4: 175-196.
Szczepa nik-Janyszek M. 2003. Taksonomia polskich gatunków turzyc - Carex L., z sekcji Paniculatae (Carey) Christ. Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu 354, Seria Botanica 6: 163-176.
Szeląg Z. 2001. Carex pallens (Cyperaceae), a species new to Poland. Polish Botanical Journal 46(1): 75-77.
Szeląg Z. 2002. Carex curvata (Cyperaceae) in Poland. Polish Botanical Journal 47(1): 37-39.
Ter Braak C. J. F. & Šmilauer P. 2002. CANOCO Reference Manual and User’s Guide to Canoco for Windows, Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Towpasz K. 1969. Rozmieszczenie Carex pediformis C. A. w Polsce i krajach ościennych. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. 15 (1): 9-12.
Turesson G. 1922. The genotypical response of the plant species to the habitat. Hereditas 3: 211-350.
Urbaniak L. 1992. A comparison between Carex arenaria L. and Carex ligerica Gay - sedges from the Arenariae group based on leaf characteristics. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 61(2): 265-271.
Urbaniak L. 1998. Morphometric differentiation of Carex ligerica Gay in Poland. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 67(3-4): 263-268.
Urbaniak L., Maik I. & Urbaniak D. 2000. Differentiation between Carex arenaria populations at the eastern range margin based on female and male glumes variation. Soc. Bot. Pol. 69(1): 65-74.