Keywords
determination
ethics
Himalaya
Impatiens
lectotypification
reinstatement
taxonomy
How to Cite
Number of views: 59
Number of downloads: 35
Abstract
In the publication “Typifications, new combinations and new synonyms in Indian Impatiens (Balsaminaceae)” by Singh, R. K. et al. (2021), the authors used pseudoscientific theoretical background, utilized material collected by other persons without citing the source of data in support of their claims, and made serious errors in the determination and delimitation of Impatiens taxa occuring in Himalayas and adjacent areas. They proposed new combinations and statuses without sufficient field and literature studies and failed to show convincing evidences in their treatments. Their documentation lacks important details, like authorship of the published pictures, locations and dates of pictures, or measurements of plant parts; the whole documentation has geographically biased gaps – in case of Western Himalayan or Sikkimese taxa, there is almost no original illustrative material. Finally, they falsely claimed extensive field studies in Western Himalaya. This paper reinstates 19 species and 1 variety synonymised by Singh et al. (2021) with scientific evidences based on illustrations from types and colour photographs from fresh collections.
References
Abid R., Ather A. & Qaiser M. 2011. The seed atlas of Pakistan-V. Balsaminaceae. Pak. J. Bot. 43(5): 2451-2456.
Akiyama S. 1987. Impatiens bicornuta Wall. and its allied species in Nepal. J. Jap. Bot. 62(12): 363-370.
Akiyama S. & Ohba H. 2015a. Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal (1) Impatiens amplexicaulis Edgew. and I. chungtienensis Y.L.Chen. Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Tokyo, B. 41(3): 113-124. https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/botany/download/41_3/BNMNS_B41-3_113.pdf
Akiyama S. & Ohba H. 2015b. Studies of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) of Nepal 2. Impatiens jurpia, I. urticifolia, and Allied Species. Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 41(4): 161-178. https://www.kahaku.go.jp/research/publication/botany/download/41_4/BNMNS_B41-4_161.pdf
Akiyama S., Ohba H. & Wakabayashi M. 1991. Taxonomic notes of the east Himalayan species of Impatiens: studies of Himalayan Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). In: H. Ohba & S. B. Malla (eds.). The Himalayan plants, Vol. 2, pp. 67-94. Tokyo University Museum; University of Tokyo, Japan. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00270.x
Basu D. & Uniyal B. P. 2002. Balsaminaceae. In: N. P. Singh, D. K. Singh & B. P. Uniyal (eds.). Flora of Jammu & Kashmir, Vol. 1, pp. 772-781. Botanical Survey of India Kolkata, India.
Beerling D. J. & Perrins J. 1993. Biological flora of the British Isles. Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Impatiens roylei Walp.). J. Ecol. 81: 367-382. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261507
Bhaskar V. 2012. Taxonomic Monograph on Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) of Western Ghats - the key genus for endemism. Centre for Plant Taxonomic Studies, Bangalore, India.
De Candolle A. P. 1824. Balsamineae. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta; Auctore Aug. Pyramo de Candolle. I: 685-688. Parisii, Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.286
Chen Y. L. 1978. Notulae de genere Impatiens L. florae sinicae. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(2): 36-55. https://www.jse.ac.cn/EN/Y1978/V16/I2/36
Chen Y. L., Akiyama S. & Ohba H. 2007. Balsaminaceae. In: Z. Y. Wu & P. H. Raven (eds.). Flora of China, Vol. 12, pp. 43-113. Beijing Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
Chowlu K., Borah S., Dash S. S., Adamowski W. & Gogoi R. 2017. Impatiens dorjeekhanduii (Balsaminaceae) a new species of Impatiens from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Nelumbo 59(2): 139-144. https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v59/2017/120458
Fischer E. 2004. Balsaminaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants VI, pp. 20-25. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8_4
Gogoi R. & Arisdason W. 2016. Impatiens nicolsoniana, a new name for Impatiens mannii C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f. (Balsaminaceae). Phytotaxa 273(2): 144-146. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.273.2.8
Gogoi R. & Borah S. 2017. Two new species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, NE India. Webbia 72: 87-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2016.1253913
Gogoi R. & Borah S. 2018. Lectotypification and amended description of two species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) from Northeast India. Nelumbo 60(2): 103-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v60/2018/131289
Gogoi R., Borah S. & Adamowski W. 2017. Impatiens tatoensis (Balsaminaceae) - a new species from Arunachal Pradesh, NE India and notes on lectotypification of the name I. spirifera Hook.f. Telopea 20: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea11012
Gogoi R., Borah S., Dash S.S. & Singh P. 2018. Balsams of Eastern Himalaya - A Regional Revision. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
Gogoi R., Sherpa N., Tham B. B. T., Deori C. & Talukdar S. R. 2020a. Recollection of Impatiens angustiflora (Balsaminaceae) and notes on its lectotypification. Nelumbo 62(2): 154-160. https://doi.org/10.20324/nelumbo/v62/2020/156894
Gogoi R., Upadhyay A. K. & Rathakrishnan N. C. 2020b. Balsaminaceae In: Flowering Plants of India, Vol. 1, pp. 193-211. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata (India).
Grey-Wilson C. 1980. Impatiens of Africa: morphology; pollination and pollinators; ecology; phytogeography; hybridisation; keys and a systematic treatment of all African species; with a note on collecting and cultivation. Rotterdam; A.A. Balkema viii; 235p.
Grey-Wilson C. 1989a. Impatiens bicornuta and its allies. Studies in Balsaminaceae:VII. Kew Bull. 44(1): 61-66. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114645
Grey-Wilson C. 1989b. Impatiens cymbifera and its allies. Studies in Balsaminaceae: XI. Kew Bull. 44(4): 711-716. https://doi.org/10.2307/4110435
Grey-Wilson C. 1991. Impatiens L. In: A. J. C. Grierson & D. G. Long (eds.). Flora of Bhutan Vol. 2, Pt. 1, pp. 82-104. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, UK.
Guo H., Wei L., Hao J. C., Du Y. F., Zhang L. J. & Yu S. X. 2016. Impatiens occultans (Balsaminaceae), a newly recorded species from Xizang, China, and its phylogenetic position. Phytotaxa 275(1): 62-68. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.275.1.7
Hareesh V. S., Joe A., Gogoi R. & Sabu M. 2017. Impatiens arunachalensis (Balsaminaceae), a new species from northeastern India. Phytotaxa 305(1): 47-51. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.305.1.7
Hooker J. D. 1875. Balsaminae. In: Flora of British India, Vol. 1, pp. 440-483. L. Reeve & co. London. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/353862
Hooker J. D. 1903. Impatiens Balfourii. Curtis's Bot. Mag. 129: 7878. http://www.plantillustrations.org/illustration.php?id_illustration=6607
Hooker J. D. 1904-1906. An epitome of the British Indian Species of Impatiens. Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 1-58. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53526663
Hooker J. D. 1908. Les Especes Du Genre "Impatiens". Nouvelles Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. ser 4, t. 10: 233-272. Masson et Cie, Paris, France. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36098531
Hooker J. D. 1910. Indian species of Impatiens. Generis Impatiens species Indicae novae et minus rite cognitae a Cl. A. Meebolddetectae. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910 (8): 291-300. https://doi.org/10.2307/4111723
Hooker J. D. & Thomson T. 1859. Praecursores ad Floram Indicam. - Balsamineae. J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 4: 106-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1859.tb01160.x
Janssens S. B., Knox E. B., Huysmans S., Smets E. F. & Merckx V. S. T. F. 2009. Rapid radiation of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) during Pliocene and Pleistocene: Result of a global climate change. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 52(3): 806-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.013
Kolchinsky E. I., Kutschera U., Hossfeld U. & Levi G. S. 2017. Russia's new Lysenkoism. Current Biology 27: R1042-R1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.045
Lall N., Bosa A. & Nikolova R. V. 1997. Morphological characteristics of Impatiens flanaganiae Hemsl. grown under different light conditions. S. African J. Bot. 63(4): 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30747-X
Lerner K. L. 2001. Lysenkoism: A Deadly Mix of Pseudoscience and Political Ideology. DRAFT COPY subsequently published in Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Thomson Gale.
Lidén M. & Bharali P. 2017. Impatiens pyrorhiza sp. nov. (Balsaminaceae), a new species from East Himalaya. Nordic J. Bot. 35: 411-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01547
Lu Y. Q. & Chen Y. L. 1991. Seed morphology of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) and its taxonomic significance. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29(3): 252-257. https://www.jse.ac.cn/EN/Y1991/V29/I3/252
Maciejewska-Rutkowska I. & Janczak B. 2017. Variability of seeds of the invasive species Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Balsaminaceae) and their micromorphology. Steciana 20(4): 183-190. https://doi.org/10.12657/steciana.020.019
Nasir Y. J. 1980. Flora of Pakistan: no. 133. Balsaminaceae. 17 pp. Islamabad, Agricultural Research Councils.
Peng S., Hu G. W., Cong Y. Y. & Wang Q. F. 2019. Impatiens dalaiensis a newly recorded species of Impatiens from Yunnan. Pl. Sci. J. 37(5): 569-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2019.50569
Pusalkar P. K. & Srivastava S. K. 2018. Flora of Uttarakhand: Vol. 1: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Ranunculaceae-Moringaceae). Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
Rahelivololona E. M., Fischer E., Janssens S. B., Razafimandimbison S. G. 2018. Phylogeny, infrageneric classification and species delimitation in the Malagasy Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). PhytoKeys 110: 51-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.110.28216
Rahman F., Ahmad M., Zafar M., Mumtaz A. S. & Shah S. A. 2016. Taxonomic implications of foliar epidermis in Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): Investigating 12 Pakistani taxa as an example. Pl. Biosystems 151(4): 642-648. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1193068
Rewicz A., Adamowski W., Borah S. & Gogoi R. 2020. New Data on Seed Coat Micromorphology of Several Impatiens spp. from Northeast India. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 89(3): 89312. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.89312
Ruchisansakun S., Suksathan P., Van Der Niet T., Smets E. F., Saw -Lwin & Janssens S. B. 2018. Balsaminaceae of Myanmar. Blumea 63(3): 199-267. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.63.03.01
Schmitt J. 1993. Reaction norms of morphological and lifehistory traits to light availability in Impatiens capensis. Evolution 47(6): 1654-1668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01258.x
Shajita P. P., Dhanesh N. R., Ebin P. J., Joseph L., Devassy A., John R., Augustine J., Mathew L. 2016. Molecular Phylogeny of Balsams (Genus Impatiens) Based on ITS Regions of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Implies Two Colonization Events in South India. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 4(06): 001-009. https://doi.org/10.7324/JABB.2016.40601
Shui Y. -M., Janssens S. B., Huang S.-H., Chen W. -H. & Yang Z. -G. 2011. Three New Species of Impatiens L. from China and Vietnam: Preparation of Flowers and Morphology of Pollen and Seeds. Systematic Botany 36(2): 428-439. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X569615
Singh R. K., Bora h D. & Taram M. 2021. Typifications, new combinations and new synonyms in Indian Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 61: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.2478/biorc-2021-0001
Song Y., Yuan Y.-M. & Kupfer P. 2005. Seedcoat micromorphology of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) from China. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 149(2): 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00436.x
Utami N. & Ardiyani M. 2015. Phylogenetic Study of Sumatran Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) Using Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 66(2): 81-90.
Utami N. & Shimizu T. 2005. Seed morphology and classification of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae). Blumea 50(3): 447-456. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651905X622699
Vivekananthan K., Rathakrishnan N. C., Swaminathan M. S. & Ghara L. K. 1997. Balsaminaceae. In: P. K. Hajra, V. J. Nair & P. Daniel (eds.). Flora of India (Maphighiaceae-Dichapetalaceae), Vol. 4, pp. 95-229. Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta, India.
Wang L., Jia Y., Zhang X. & Qin H. 2015. Overview of higher plant diversity in China. Biodivers. Sci. 23(2): 217-224. https://doi.org/10.17520/biods.2015049
Yu S. X. 2012. Balsaminaceae of China. Peking University Press, Beijing, 215 pp.
Yu S. X., Janssens S. B., Zhu X. Y., Lidén M., Gao T. G. & Wang W. 2015. Phylogeny of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae): integrating molecular and morphological evidence into a new classification. Cladistics 32(2): 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12119
Zhang C.-F., Peng S., Tian J., Hu G.-W. & Wang Q.-F. 2020a. A new species and newly recorded species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) from Yunnan, China. Pl. Sci. J. 38(4): 437-447. https://doi.org/10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2020.40437
Zhang Q.-Y., Peng S., Peng Y.-C., Cai X.-Z. & Cong Y.- Y. 2020b. Impatiens tripetala (Balsaminaceae), a new record species of Impatiens from China. Pl. Sci. J. 38(3): 320-322. https://doi.org/10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2020.30320
License
Copyright © by Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, Department of Plant Taxonomy, 2021OPEN ACCESS