Keywords
obligation
permission
prohibition
Polish-English language of contracts
corpora
How to Cite
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present most typical methods of expressing deontic modality, namely obligation, prohibition and permission in Polish, American and British contracts. The author has analyzed the corpora of about 45 contracts formulated in British-English, American-English and Polish, namely: (i) deeds of conveyance, (ii) contracts of sale, (iii) contracts of lease, (iv) logistic contracts, (v) deeds of partnership and company-related contracts, (vi) contracts for rendering services and (vii) contracts of employment. After presenting the exponents of deontic modality, the author compiles the results in tables to show potential translative equivalents. The listing of such exponents of modality may serve translation purposes in accordance with textual-normative equivalence (cf. Kierzkowska 2002).References
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Polish Sources
Akt założycielski spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością.
Umowa dzierżawy – Lex Omega
Umowa najmu – Lex Omega
Umowa najmu z 30 lipca 2000r. (own sources).
Umowa o dzieło zawarta z Uniwersytetem im. Adama Mickiewicza (own sources).
Umowa o pracę (own sources).
Umowa o świadczenie usług logistycznych z 15.06.2004r. (own sources).
Umowa o świadczenie usług logistycznych z 18. 01. 1999r. (own sources).
Umowa o świadczenie usług logistycznych z 24.06.2004r. (own sources).
Umowa o świadczenie usług telefonicznych. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży energii elektrycznej i świadczenia usług przesyłowych. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży gazu ziemnego. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży nieruchomości w formie aktu notarialnego z 1998 r. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży nieruchomości w formie aktu notarialnego z 1999 r. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży nieruchomości w formie aktu notarialnego z 1996 r. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży nieruchomości w formie aktu notarialnego z 1994 r. (own sources).
Umowa sprzedaży rowerów. (own sources).
Umowa zlecenie zawarta z Uniwersytetem im. Adama Mickiewicza. (own sources).
British Sources
Agreement for the Sale of Business. In: Justyńska, J., Justyński, J. 1998. The Main Institutions of the English Legal System. Toruń: Dom Organizatora TNOIK, pp. 252-258.
Articles of Association of the Perfect Company Ltd. In: Kierzkowska, D. (ed.).1998. Selection of English Documents. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TEPIS, pp. 139-142.
Articles of Association. Faber, D., Hjort-Pedersen, M., Klinge, A. 1996/1997. Introduction to English Legal Language. BA Sproglinien, pp. 120-122.
Contract for Sale and Purchase of Property (own sources).
Deed of Partnership. In: Kierzkowska, D. (ed.). 1998. Selection of English Documents. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TEPIS, pp. 129-130.
Employee Agreement on Inventions and Patents. 301 Legal Forms. Letters and Agreements. 1997. London: Law Pack Publishing Ltd.
Employment Agreement. 301 Legal Forms. Letters and Agreements. 1997. London: Law Pack Publishing Ltd.
Limited Partnership Agreement. Faber, D., Hjort-Pedersen, M., Klinge, A. 1996/1997. Introduction to English Legal Language. BA Sproglinien, pp. 108-111.
Memorandum of Association of the Perfect Company Ltd. In Kierzkowska, D. (ed.). 1998. Selection of English Documents. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo TEPIS, pp. 131-138.
Memorandum of Association. Faber, D., Hjort-Pedersen, M., Klinge, A. 1996/1997. Introduction to English Legal Language. BA Sproglinien, pp. 116-118.
Partnership Agreement. In: Justyńska, J., Justyński, J. 1998. The Main Institutions of the English Legal System. Toruń: Dom Organizatora TNOIK, pp. 259-268.
Rental Agreement (For a Furnished House or Flat on an Assured Shorthold Tenancy). 301 Legal Forms. Letters and Agreements. 1997. London: Law Pack Publishing Ltd.
Rental Agreement (For an Unfurnished House or Flat on an Assured Shorthold Tenancy). 301 Legal Forms. Letters and Agreements. 1997. London: Law Pack Publishing Ltd.
Sale Agreement. In: Faber, D., Hjort-Pedersen, M., Klinge, A. 1996/1997.
Introduction to English Legal Language. BA Sproglinien, pp. 86-87.
Tenancy Agreement (own sources).
Warehousing and Distribution Agreement (own sources).
Warehousing and Partsbanks Services Agreement (own sources). American Sources
Real Estate Purchase Contract 1. In: Warda, M. 2005. The Complete Book of Real Estate Contracts, pp. 201-206.
Real Estate Purchase Contract 2. In: Warda, M. 2005. The Complete Book of Real Estate Contracts, pp. 207-212.
Real Estate Contract. In: Warda, M. 2005. The Complete Book of Real Estate Contracts, pp. 213-216.
Real Estate Sales Contract 1. In: Warda, M. 2005. The Complete Book of Real Estate Contracts, pp. 217-219.
Real Estate Purchase Contract 2. In: Warda, M. 2005. The Complete Book of Real Estate Contracts, pp. 221-223.
Deed of Conveyance (own sources).
Plain English Campaign Contracts
Domestic Contract for Minor Building Work (http://www.fmb.org.uk/find-abuilder/free-contracts/download-contracts/).
Domestic Building Contract(http://www.fmb.org.uk/find-a-builder/freecontracts/download-contracts/).
Domestic Building Contract (Scotland) for Minor Building Work(http://www.fmb.org.uk/find-a-builder/freecontracts/download-contracts/).
Commercial and Industrial Building Contract (http://www.fmb.org.uk/find-abuilder/free-contracts/download-contracts/).
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