Abstract
We apply Brown’s Foucauldian framework on neoliberalism to the COVID-19 crisis in the UK, and use qualitative content analysis to interpret the moral logics within 32 of Boris Johnson’s public statements on COVID-19. We present the content analysis in six parts. For the first four parts, we apply four elements of Brown’s framework: economization, governance, responsibilization, and sacrifice. Next, we explain two other moral logics—utilitarian and sympathetic. Johnson’s condensation of logics contains ideological connotations: neoliberal rationality serves the mass of people and the purpose of sympathy. Within Brown’s conceptual framework, the problem is not just the domination of the market, but the logic that grants the market legitimation as a human-centered logic. The adjustment we suggest is in recognizing the human-centered aspect as not a veneer for neoliberalism, but rather as a collection of disparate moral logics, combined with them smoothly on the surface, but messily underneath.
References
BBC. 2020. “Man Honours His Community Nurses with ‘Hero’ Medals.” BBC News, July 2, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-53267082.
Brown, Wendy. 2015. Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Brown, Wendy. 2016. “Sacrificial Citizenship: Neoliberalism, Human Capital, and Austerity Politics.” Constellations 23(1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12166.
Çalışkan, Koray, and Michel Callon. 2009. “Economization, Part 1: Shifting Attention from the Economy towards Processes of Economization.” Economy and Society 38(3): 369–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140903020580.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2019. “The Metaphors of Boris Johnson.” In Metaphors of Brexit: No Cherries on the Cake?, 161–196. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cook, Deborah. 2018. Adorno, Foucault and the Critique of the West. New York: Verso.
Dreyfus, Hubert L., and Paul Rabinow. 1983. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fairclough, Norman. 2001. Language and Power. London: Pearson Longman.
Fairclough, Norman. 2003. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge.
Forchtner, Bernhard. 2011. “Critique, the Discourse–Historical Approach, and the Frankfurt School.” Critical Discourse Studies 8(1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2011.533564.
Foucault, Michel. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. New York: Pantheon.
Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality. Volume 1: An Introduction. New York: Pantheon.
Foucault, Michel. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Friedland, Roger, and Robert R. Alford. 1991. “Bringing Society Back in: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 232–263. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gutting, Gary. 1989. Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Scientific Reason: Science and the History of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grant, John. 2010. “Foucault and the Logic of Dialectics.” Contemporary Political Theory 9(2): 220–238.
Hanley, Ryan Patrick. 2009. Adam Smith and the Character of Virtue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Higgins, Charlotte. 2020. “Why We Shouldn’t Be Calling Our Healthcare Workers ‘Heroes.’” The Guardian, May 22, 2020,
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/may/27/healthcare-workers-heros-language-heroism.
Horkheimer, Max, and Theodor W. Adorno. 2002. Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, edited by Gunzelin Schmid Noerr. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Jinshuang, Lv, and Li Rong. 2020. “A Positive Discourse Analysis of Diplomatic Speech of President Xi in Covid-19.” IETI Transactions on Social Sciences and Humanities 8: 24–31. https://doi.org/10.6896/IETITSSH.202006_8.0004.
Kadhim, Riyadh Tariq, and Sa’id Abdulwahab Jawad. 2020. “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Manipulative Ideological Discursive Strategies in Boris Johnson’s Speech on Brexit.” Journal of Human Sciences 27(3): 688–703.
Kim, Eun-Sung, and Ji-Bum Chung. 2021. “Korean Mothers’ Morality in the Wake of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Surveillance.” Social Science & Medicine 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113673.
Lowe, Brian M. 2006. Emerging Moral Vocabularies: The Creation and Establishment of New Forms of Moral and Ethical Meanings. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Lowe, Brian M. 2010. “The Creation and Establishment of Moral Vocabularies.” In Handbook of the Sociology of Morality, edited by Steven Hitlin and Stephen Vaisey. New York: Springer.
Mahon, Michael. 1992. Foucault’s Nietzschean Genealogy: Truth, Power, and the Subject. New York: State University of New York Press.
Mill, John Stuart, and Jeremy Bentham. 1987. Utilitarianism and Other Essays, edited by Alan Ryan. London: Penguin Books.
Mohammed, Shan, Elizabeth Peter, Tieghan Killackey, and Jane Maciver. 2021. “The ‘Nurse as Hero’ Discourse in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Poststructural Discourse Analysis.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103887.
Pache, Anne-Claire, and Filipe Santos. 2013. “Inside the Hybrid Organization: Selective Coupling as a Response to Competing Institutional Logics.” Academy of Management Journal 56(4): 972–1001. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0405.
Qian, Kun, and Tetsukazu Yahara. 2020. “Mentality and Behavior in COVID-19 Emergency Status in Japan: Influence of Personality, Morality and Ideology.” PloS one 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235883.
Reay, Trish, and C. Robert Hinings. 2009. “Managing the Rivalry of Competing Institutional Logics.” Organization Studies 30(6): 629–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609104803.
Reisigl, Martin, and Ruth Wodak. 2016. “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA).” In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, edited by Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer. London: Sage.
Smith, Adam. 1791. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: Librito Mondi.
Smith, Adam. (1822) 2010. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: Penguin.
Sunderland, Jane. 2020. “Gender, Language and Prejudice: Implicit Sexism in the Discourse of Boris Johnson.” Open Linguistics 6(1): 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0022.
Thornton, Patricia H., and William Ocasio. 1999. “Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958–1990.” American Journal of Sociology 105(3): 801–843. https://doi.org/10.1086/210361.
Thornton, Patricia H., and William Ocasio. 2008. “Institutional Logics.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by Royston Greenwood, Christine Oliver, Kerstin Sahlin and Roy Suddaby, 99–128. London: Sage.
Wicke, Philipp, and Marianna M. Bolognesi. 2020. “Framing COVID-19: How We Conceptualize and Discuss the Pandemic on Twitter.” PloS One 15(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240010.
Witztum, Amos, and Jeffrey T. Young. 2013. “Utilitarianism and the Role of Utility in Adam Smith.” The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 20(4): 572–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2011.592846.
License
“Theoretical Practice” seeks to put into practice the idea of open access to knowledge and broadening the domain of the commons. It serves the development of science, thinking and critical reflection. The journal is published in open-access mode under the CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (detail available here: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/). Articles published in the journal may be freely distributed, stored, printed and utilized for academic and teaching purposes without restrictions.
They should not be, however, used for any commercial purposes or be reconstructed into derivative creations. Access to the journal may not be limited or offered for a fee by any third party.
Prospective authors are obliged to fill in, sign and send back the publishing contract compliant with the CC licencing. [PL.pdf, PL.doc, EN.pdf,EN.doc].
According to this contract, authors grant the journal a non-exclusive right to publish their work under the creative commons license (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0) without any financial obligation on both sides of the contract.
Before submission authors should make sure that derivative materials they use are not protected by copyright preventing their non-commercial publication. Authors are responsible for any respective copyright violations.