Abstract
Celem obecnych rozważań jest spojrzenie na problem udoskonalania człowieka, a zwłaszcza jego cech psychicznych, z perspektywy nauk biologicznych. Wprowadzono więc używane w biologii rozróżnienie genotypu i fenotypu, definicje cech dziedzicznych i nabytych oraz antropologiczną charakterystykę gatunku Homo sapiens przez cechy specyficznie ludzkie. Perspektywa biologiczna (a zwłaszcza ewolucyjna) wskazuje na ogromne trudności w określeniu charakteru i zakresu możliwych ulepszeń naszego gatunku, co związane jest między innymi z problematyką normy biologicznej oraz psychicznej. Wiele uwagi poświęcono złożonym zależnościom między genotypem i fenotypem w żywych organizmach, wyrażającym się m.in. przez polimorfizm oraz efekty epigenetyczne, a także związkom między genami i cechami psychicznymi człowieka. Ostatecznie stwierdzono, że udoskonalanie np. zdolności poznawczych wymaga pełnego zrozumienia tych związków i zależności, uwzględniającego także różnice indywidualne, które wciąż jest jednak dla nas nieosiągalne.Funding
Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2012/07/D/HS1/01099.
References
Agren, T., Furmark, T., Eriksson, E., & Fredrikson, M. 2012. „Human Fear Reconsolidation and Allelic Differences In Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Genes.” Transl Psychiatry 2(76).
Andersson, E., Rück, C., Lavebratt, C., Hedman, E., Schalling, M., Lindefors, N., Eriksson, E., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Furmark, T. 2013. „Genetic Polymorphisms in Monoamine Systems and Outcome of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder.” PLoS One 8(11).
Aksoy-Aksel, A., Zampa, F., Schratt, & G. 2014. „MicroRNAs and Synaptic Plasticity—A Mutual Relationship.” Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci: 369(1652).
Anthoni, H., Zucchelli, M., Matsson, H., Müller-Myhsok, B., Fransson, I., Schumacher, J., Massinen, S., Onkamo, P., Warnke, A., Griesemann, H., Hoffmann, P., Nopola-Hemmi, J., Lyytinen, H., Schulte-Körne, G., Kere, J., Nöthen, M. M., & Peyrard-Janvid, M. 2007. "A Locus On 2p12 Containing the Co-Regulated MRPL19 and C2ORF3 Genes is Associated to Dyslexia." Hum Molec Genet. 16(6): 667-677
Antony, J. W., Gobel, E. W., O’Hare, J. K., Reber, P. J., Paller, K. A. 2012. "Cued Memory Reactivation During Sleep Influences Skill Learning." Nature Neurosci. 15(8): 1114–1116
Antropologia, 1985. Red. naukowa R. Malinowski & J. Strzałko. PWN: Warszawa-Poznań.
Argue, D., Donlon, D., Groves, C., & Wright, R. 2006. "Homo Floresiensis: Microcephalic, Pygmoid, Australopithecus, or Homo?." Journal of Hum Evol 51(4): 360-374
Arodź, T. & Płonka, P. M. 2012. "Effects of Point Mutations On Protein Structure Are Nonexponentially Distributed." Proteins 80(7): 1780-90; doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.24073
Arodź, T. & Płonka, P. M. 2013. "Sequence and Structure Space Model of Protein Divergence Driven By Point Mutations." Journal Theor Biol. 330:1-8; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.03.015
Arzi, A., Shedlesky, L., Ben-Shaul, M., Nasser, K., Oksenberg, A., Hairston, I. S., & Sobel, N. 2012. "Humans Can Learn New Information During Sleep." Nature Neurosci. 15(10): 1460–1465
Baab, K. L., McNulty, K. P., Harvati, K. 2013. "Homo Floresiensis Contextualized: A Geometric Morphometric Comparative Analysis of Fossil and Pathological Human Samples." PLoS One 8(7): e69119; doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069119
Berger, L. R., Churchill, S. E., De Klerk, B., & Quinn, R. L. 2008. "Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia." PLoS ONE 3(3): e1780; Erratum w: PLoS ONE 2008: 3(3); doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/0b1a375a-ea43-4586-824f-05bc5b359d63
Bodnar, J. W. 1997. "Programming the Drosophila Embryo." J Theor Biol. 188: 391-445
Bodnar, J. W., Bradley, M. K. 2001. "Programming the Drosophila Embryo 2." Cell Biochem Biophys. 34:153-190
Bos, M. G., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. 2014. "Noradrenergic Blockade of Memory Reconsolidation: A Failure to Rrduce Conditioned Fear Responding." Front Behav Neurosci. 8: 412; doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00412
Bostrom, N. 2013. "Why I Want To Be a Posthuman When I Grow Up". W M. More, N. Vita-More (eds.), The Transhumanist Reader. Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. NY: Wiley-Blackwell.
Brown, P., Sutkina, T., Morwood, M. J., Soejono, R. P., Jatmiko et al. 2004. "A New Small-Bodied Hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia." Nature 431(7012): 1055-1061.
Chabris, C.F., Hebert, B.M., Benjamin, D. J., Beauchamp, J., Cesarini, D., van der Loos, M., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K., Lichtenstein. P., Atwood, C. S., Freese, J., Hauser, T. S., Hauser, R. M., Christakis. N., & Laibson, D. 2012. "Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives." Psychol Sci. 23(11): 1314-23; doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611435528
Chamary, J. V., Parmley, J. R., & Hurst, L. D. 2006. "Hearing Silence: Non-Neutral Evolution at Synonymous Sites In Mammals." Nat Rev Genet 7: 98-108.
Człowiek i psychologia, 2004. red. naukowa J. Rybakiewicz, wyd. I. PPU PARK: Bielsko-Biała.
Dana, A. & Tuller, T. 2014. "Mean of the Typical Decoding Rates: A New Translation Efficiency Index Based on the Analysis of Ribosome Profiling Data." G3 (Bethesda) 5(1): 73-80; doi: https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.015099.
Dąbrowski, K. 1985. “Co to jest zdrowie psychiczne?” W idem (red. naukowa), Zdrowie psychiczne. Warszawa: PWN.
de Bitencourt, R. M., Pamplona, F. A., Takahashi, R. N. 2013. "A Current Overview of Cannabinoids and Glucocorticoids in Facilitating Extinction of Aversive Memories: Potential Extinction Enhancers." Neuropharmacology 64: 389-95; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.039
DeGrazia, D. 2005. "Enhancement Technologies and Human Identity." Journal Med Philos. 30(3): 261-83.
Desrivières, S., Lourdusamy, A., Tao, C., Toro, R., Jia, T., Loth, E., Medina, L. M., Kepa, A., Fernandes, A., Ruggeri, B., Carvalho, F. M., Cocks, G., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L., Büchel, C., Conrod, P. J., Flor, H., Heinz, A., Gallinat, J., Garavan, H., Gowland, P., Brühl, R., Lawrence, C., Mann, K., Martinot, M. L., Nees, F., Lathrop, M., Poline, J. B., Rietschel, M., Thompson, P., Fauth-Bühler, M., Smolka, M. N., Pausova, Z., Paus, T., Feng, J., & Schumann, G. 2014. "Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Neuroplastin Locus Associates with Cortical Thickness and Intellectual Ability in Adolescents." Molecular Psychiatry, Feb 11; doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.197
Devanna, P., Middelbeek, J., Vernes, S. C. 2014. "FOXP2 Drives Neuronal Differentiation By Interacting with Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathways." Front Cell Neurosci. 8: 305; doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00305
Diekelmann, S. & Born, J. 2010. "The Memory Function of Sleep." Nature Reviews Neurosci. 11(2): 114–126.
Eckhardt, R. B., Henneberg, M., Weller, A. S., & Hsü, K. J. 2014. "Rare Events in Earth History Include the LB1 Human Skeleton from Flores, Indonesia, As a Developmental Singularity, Not a Unique Taxon." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(33): 11961-6; doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407385111
Encyklopedia Biologiczna 1998. t. II, III, IV, VII. Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres: Kraków.
Erler, A. 2011. "Does Memory Modification Threaten Our Authenticity?" Neuroethics 4(3): 235–249.
File, S. E., Fluck, E., & Fernandes, C. 1999. "Beneficial Effects of Glycine (Bioglycin) on Memory and Attention in Young and Middle-Aged Adults." Journal of Clin Psychopharmacol 19: 506–512.
Fisher, S. E. 2006. "Tangled Webs: Tracing the Connections Between Genes and Cognition." Cognition 101(2): 270-97.
Fisher, S. E. & Scharff, C. 2009. "FOXP2 as a Molecular Window Into Speech and Language." Trends Genet. 25: 166-177.
Fisher, S. E., Vargha-Khadem, F., Watkins, K. E., Monaco, A. P., & Pembrey, M. E. 1998. "Localisation of a Gene Implicated in a Severe Speech and Language Disorder." Nature Genet. 18(2): 168-170.
Flynn, J. R. 1984. "The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978." Psychol Bull. 95: 29-51.
Forlini, C., Hall, W., Maxwell, B., Outram, S. M., Reiner, P. B., Repantis, D., Schermer, M., & Racine, E. 2013. "Navigating the Rnhancement Landscape. Ethical Issues in Research on Cognitive Enhancers for Healthy Individuals." EMBO Rep. 14(2): 123-8; doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.225
Fraga, M. F., Ballesta, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., Heine-Suñer, D., Cigudosa, J. C., Urioste, M., Benitez, J., Boix-Chornet, M., Sanchez-Aguilera, A., Ling, C., Carlsson, E., Poulsen, P., Vaag, A., Stephan, Z., Spector, T. D., Wu, Y. Z., Plass, C., & Esteller, M. 2005. "Epigenetic Differences Arise During the Lifetime of Monozygotic Twins". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(30): 10604-10609.
Fu, L, Shi, Z., Luo, G., Tu, W., Wang, X., Fang, Z., & Li, X. 2014. "Multiple MicroRNAs Regulate Human FOXP2 Gene Expression by Targeting Sequences in Its 3' Untranslated Region." Mol Brain 7: 71: doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-014-0071-0
Fung, K. L. & Gottesman, M. M. 2009. "A Synonymous Polymorphism in a Common MDR1 (ABCB1) haplotype shapes protein function, Biochim Biophys Acta 1794: 860-871.
Garner, A. R., Rowland, D. C., Hwang, S. Y., Baumgaertel, K., Roth, B. L., Kentros, C., & Mayford, M. 2012. "Generation of a Synthetic Memory Trace." Science 335(6075): 1513–1516.
Gerstein, M. B., Bruce, C., Rozowsky, J. S., Zheng, D., Du, J., Korbel, J. O., Emanuelsson, O., Zhang, Z. D., Weissman, S., & Snyder, M. 2007. "What Is a Gene, Post-ENCODE? History and Updated Definition." Genome Res. 17(6): 669-81.
Gao, M. C., Bellugi, U., Dai, L., Mills, D. L., Sobel, E. M., Lange, K., & Korenberg, J. R., 2010. "Intelligence in Williams Syndrome Is Related to STX1A, Which Encodes a Component of the Presynaptic SNARE Complex." PLoS ONE 5(4): e10292; doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010292
Gläscher, J., Rudrauf, D., Colom, R., Paul, L. K., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Adolphs. R. 2010. "Distributed Neural System for General Intelligence Revealed By Lesion Mapping," Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(10): 4705-4709.
Greiffenstein, M. F. 2011. "Secular IQ Increases By Epigenesis? The Hypothesis of Cognitive Genotype Pptimization." Psychol Rep. 109(2): 353-66.
Greń, J. 1987. Statystyka matematyczna. PWN: Warszawa.
Griffiths, B. B. & Hunter, R. G. 2014. "Neuroepigenetics of Stress." Neuroscience 275: 420-435.
Guilford, J. P. 1978. Natura inteligencji człowieka. Tłum. B. Czarniawska, W. Kozłowski i J. Radzicki. PWN: Warszawa.
Hamani C., McAndrews, M. P., Cohn, M., Oh, M., Zumsteg, D., Shapiro, C. M., & Lozano, A. M. 2008. "Memory Enhancement Induced By Hypothalamic/Fornix Deep Brain Stimulation." Ann Neurol. 63(1): 119–123.
Han, J. H., Kushner, S. A., Yiu, A. P., Hsiang, H. L., Buch, T., Waisman, A., Bontempi, B., Neve, R. L., Frankland, P. W., & Josselyn, S. A. 2009. "Selective Erasure of a Fear Memory." Science 323(5920): 1492-6; doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164139
Harris, E. E. & Meyer, D. 2006. "The Molecular Signature of Selection Underlying Human Adaptations." Am J Phys Anthropol. Suppl 43: 89-130.
He, Y. & Casaccia-Bonnefil, P. 2008. "The Yin and Yang of YY1 in the Nervous System." Journal Neurochem. 106(4): 1493-502; doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05486.x
Henneberg, M., Eckhardt, R. B., Chavanaves, S., & Hsü, K. J. 2014. "Evolved Developmental Homeostasis Disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, Denotes Down Syndrome and Not Diagnostic Traits of the Invalid Species Homo Floresiensis." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(33): 11967-72; doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407382111
Hershkovitz, I., Kornreich, L., & Laron, Z. 2007. "Comparative Skeletal Features Between Homo Floresiensis and Patients with Primary Growth Hormone Insensitivity (Laron Syndrome).“ Am J Phys Anthropol. 134(2): 198-208.
Hu, H. Y., He, L., Fominykh, K., Yan, Z, Guo, S., Zhang, X., Taylor, M. S., Tang, L., Li, J., Liu, J., Wang, W., Yu, H., & Khaitovich, P. 2012. "Evolution of the Human-Specific microRNA miR-941." Nat Commun. 3: 1145; doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2146
Imamura, T., Uesaka, M., & Nakashima, K. 2014. "Epigenetic Setting and Reprogramming for Neural Cell Fate Determination and differentiation." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(1659) 20130511; doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0511
Jacob, T., Indriati, E., Soejono, R. P., Hsu, K., Frayer, D. W., Eckhardt, R. B., Kuperavage, A. J., Thorne, A., & Henneberg, M. 2006. "Pygmoid Australomelanesian Homo Sapiens Skeletal Remains from Liang Bua, Flores: Population Affinities and Pathological Abnormalities." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(36): 13421-13426
Jarome, T. J., Thomas, J. S., & Lubin, F. D. 2014. "The Epigenetic Basis of Memory Formation and Storage." Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 28: 1-27; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800977-2.00001-2
Ji, S. 1999. "The Linguistics of DNA: Words, Sentences, Grammar, Phonetics, and Semantics." Ann NY Acad Sci. 870: 411-417.
Jura, Cz. 1998. „Cecha wrodzona”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. II. Kraków: Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres.
Jura, Cz. & Krzanowska, H. 1998. „Cecha”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. II. Kraków: Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres.
Kaczanowski, K. 1998a. „Cechy specyficznie ludzkie”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. II. Kraków: Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres.
Kaczanowski, K. 1998b. „Norma biologiczna”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. II. Kraków: Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres.
Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Sevenster, D. 2014. "Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker." J Vis Exp. Dec 18(94); doi: https://doi.org/10.3791/52151
Kingsley, D. M. 2009. "From Atoms to Traits." Sci Am 300(1): 52-59.
Krzanowska, H. 1998a. „Fenotyp”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. III. Kraków: Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres.
Krzanowska, H. 1998b. „Genotyp”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. III, j.w.
Krzanowska, H. 1998c. „Cecha ilościowa”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. III, j.w.
Krzanowska, H. 1998d. „Cecha jakościowa”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. III, j.w.
Krzanowska, H. 1998e. „Cecha metryczna”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. III, j.w.
Kubo, D., Kono, R. T., & Kaifu, Y. 2013. "Brain Size of Homo Floresiensis and Its Evolutionary Implications." Proc Biol Sci., 280(1760): 20130338; doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0338
Kudla, G., Murray, A. W., Tollervey, D., & Plotkin, J. B. 2009. "Coding-Sequence Determinants of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli." Science 324(5924): 255-258; doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170160
Kumar, R. 2008. "Approved and Investigational Uses of Modafinil: An Evidence-Based Review." Drugs 68(13): 1803-1839.
Kunicki-Goldfinger, W. J. H. 1978. Podstawy biologii. Od bakterii do człowieka. PWN: Warszawa.
Kuriyama, K., Honma M., Yoshiike T., & Kim, Y. 2013. "Valproic Acid But Bot D-Cycloserine Facilitates Sleep-Dependent Offline Learning of Extinction and Habituation of Conditioned Fear In Humans." Neuropharmacology 64: 424–431.
Laxton, A. W., Tang-Wai, D. F., McAndrews, M. P., Zumsteg, D., Wennberg, R., Keren, R., & Lozano, A. M. 2010. "A Phase I Trial of Deep Brain Stimulation of Memory Circuits In Alzheimer's Disease." Ann Neurol. 68(4): 521–534.
LePort, A. K., Mattfeld, A.T., Dickinson-Anson, H., Fallon, J. H., Stark, C. E., Kruggel, F., Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. 2012. "Behavioral and Neuroanatomical Investigation of Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)." Neurobiol Learn Mem. 98(1): 78-92; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2012.05.002
Levy, Y. & Ebstein, R. P. 2009. "Research Review: Crossing Syndrome Boundaries in the Search for Brain Endophenotypes," J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(6): 657-668; doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01986.x
Liao, S. M. & Sandberg, A. 2008. "The Normativity of Memory Modification." Neuroethics 1(2): 85–99.
Liegeois, F., Baldeweg, T., Connelly, A., Gadian, D. G., Mishkin, M., & Vargha-Khadem, F. 2003. "Language fMRI Abnormalities Associated with FOXP2 Gene Mutation." Nature Neurosci. 6(11): 1230-1237.
Marcus, G. F. & Fisher, S. E. 2003. "FOXP2 in Focus: What Can Genes Tell Us about speech and language?". Trends Cogn Sci. 7(6): 257-262.
Marshall, L., Helgadóttir, H., Mölle, M., & Born, J. 2006. "Boosting Slow Pscillations During Sleep Potentiates Memory." Nature 444(7119): 610–613.
Matsunaga, E. & Okanoya, K. 2009. "Evolution and Diversity in Avian Vocal System: An Evo-Devo Model from the Morphological and Behavioral Üerspectives."
Dev Growth Differ 51(3): 355-67; doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2009.01091.x
Mohamed, A. D. & Sahakian, B. J. 2012. "The Ethics of elective Psychopharmacology." Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 15: 559–571.
Mukamel, Z., Konopka, G., Wexler, E., Osborn, G. E., Dong, H., Bergman, M. Y., Levitt, P., & Geschwind, D. H. 2011. "Regulation of MET by FOXP2, Genes Implicated in Higher Cognitive Dysfunction and Autism Risk." J Neurosci. 31(32): 11437-11442; doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0181-11.2011
Müller, U., Rowe, J. B., Rittman, T., Lewis, C., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. 2013. "Effects of Modafinil On Non-Verbal Cognition, Task Enjoyment and Creative Thinking in Healthy Volunteers." Neuropharmacology 64: 490-495; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.009
Newbury, D. F., Winchester, L., Addis, L., Paracchini, S., Buckingham, L. L., Clark, A., Cohen, W., Cowie, H., Dworzynski, K., Everitt, A., Goodyer, I. M., Hennessy, E., Kindley, A. D., Miller, L. L., Nasir, J., O'Hare, A., Shaw, D., Simkin, Z., Simonoff, E., Slonims, V., Watson, J., Ragoussis, J., Fisher, S. E., Seckl, J. R., Helms, P. J., Bolton, P. F., Pickles, A., Conti-Ramsden, G., Baird, G., Bishop, D. V., & Monaco, A. P. 2009. "CMIP and ATP2C2 Modulate Phonological Short-Term Memory in Language Impairment." Am J Hum Genet. 85(2): 264-272.
Nicolas, M. & Hassan, B. A. 2014. "Amyloid Precursor Protein and Aeural Development." Development 141(13): 2543-2548; doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.108712
Nimmerjahn, A. & Bergles, D. E. 2015. "Large-Scale Recording of Astrocyte Activity." Curr Opin Neurobiol. 32C: 95-106; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.015
Oniszczenko, W. & Dragan, W. Ł. 2008. Genetyka zachowania w psychologii i psychiatrii. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar: Warszawa.
Oudiette, D. & Paller K. A. 2013. Upgrading the Sleeping Brain with targeted Memory Reactivation." Trends Cogn Sci. 17(3): 142-9; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.006
Paracchini, S. 2011. "Dissection of Genetic Associations with Language-Related Traits in Population-Based Cohorts." J. Neurodev Disord. 3: 365-373.
Patihis, L., Frenda, S. J., LePort, A. K., Petersen, N., Nichols, R. M, Stark, C. E., McGaugh, J. L., & Loftus, E. F. 2013. "False Memories in Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory Individuals." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(52): 20947-52; doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314373110
Petkov, C. I. & Jarvis, E. D. 2012. "Birds, Primates, and Spoken Language Origins: Nehavioral Phenotypes and Neurobiological Substrates." Front Evol Neurosci. 4: 12; doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnevo.2012.00012
Pietschnig, J., Voracek M., & Formann, A. K. 2010. "Pervasiveness of the IQ Rise: A cross-temporal Meta-analysis."
PLoS One 5(12): e14406; doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014406
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. 2001. Genetyka zachowania. Tłum. E. Czerniawska i K. Duniec. PWN: Warszawa.
Tomaszewski, T. (red. naukowa) 1979. Psychologia, wyd. V. PWN: Warszawa.
Qureshi, I. A., & Mehler, M. F. 2014. "An Evolving View of Epigenetic Complexity in the Brain." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(1652); pii: 20130506. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0506
Rabinak, C. A., Angstadt, M., Sripada, C. S., Abelson, J. L., Liberzon, I., Milad, M. R., & Phan, K. L. 2013. "Cannabinoid Facilitation of Fear Extinction Memory Recall in Humans." Neuropharmacology 64: 396–402.
Ramirez, S., Liu, X., Lin, P. A., Suh, J., Pignatelli, M., Redondo, R. L., & Tonegawa, S. 2013. "Creating a False Memory in the Hippocampus." Science 341(6144): 387–391.
Rasch, B., Büchel, C., Gais, S., & Born, J. 2007. "Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation." Science 315(5817): 1426–1429.
Repantis, D., Laisney, O., & Heuser, I. 2010a. "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine for Neuroenhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review." Pharmacol Res. 61(6): 473-81; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.02.009
Repantis, D., Schlattmann, P., Laisney, O., Heuser, I. 2010b. "Modafinil and Methylphenidate for Neuroenhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review." Pharmacol Res. 62(3): 187-206; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002
Rietveld, C. A., Esko, T., Davies, G., Pers, T. H., Turley, P., Benyamin, B., Chabris, CF, Emilsson, V-, Johnson, A. D., Lee, J. J., de Leeuw, C., Marioni, R. E., Medland, S. E., Miller, M. B., Rostapshova, O., van der Lee, S. J., Vinkhuyzen, A. A., Amin, N., Conley, D., Derringer, J., van Duijn, C. M., Fehrmann, R., Franke L, Glaeser E. L., Hansell, N. K., Hayward C, Iacono, W. G., Ibrahim-Verbaas, C., Jaddoe, V., Karjalainen, J., Laibson, D., Lichtenstein, P., Liewald, D. C., Magnusson, P. K., Martin, N. G., McGue, M., McMahon, G., Pedersen, N. L., Pinker, S., Porteous, D. J., Posthuma, D., Rivadeneira, F., Smith, B. H., Starr, J. M., Tiemeier, H., Timpson, N. J., Trzaskowski, M., Uitterlinden, A. G., Verhulst, F. C., Ward, M. E., Wright, M. J., Davey Smith, G., Deary, I. J., Johannesson, M., Plomin, R., Visscher, P. M., Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., & Koellinger, P. D. 2014. "Common Genetic Variants Associated with Cognitive Performance Identified Using the Proxy-Phenotype Method." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
(38): 13790-13794; doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404623111
Roberts, T. C., Morris, K. V., & Wood, M. J. 2014. "The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Neurodevelopment, Brain Function and Neurological disease."
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(1652); pii: 20130507. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0507
Rodríguez, M. L. C., Campos, J., Forcato, C., Leiguarda, R., Maldonado, H., Molina, V. A., & Pedreira, M. E. 2013. "Enhancing a Declarative Memory in Humans: The Effect of Clonazepam on Reconsolidation." Neuropharmacology 64: 432–442.
Rolls, A., Makam, M., Kroeger, D., Colas, D., de Lecea, L., & Heller, H.C. 2013. "Sleep to Forget: Interference of Fear Memories During Sleep." Mol Psychiatry 18: 1166–1170.
Rudoy, J. D., Voss, J. L., Westerberg, C. E., & Paller, K. A. 2009. "Strengthening Individual Memories By Reactivating Them During Sleep." Science. 326(5956): 1079.
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. 2006. "Gene-Environment Interplay and Psychopathology: Multiple Varieties But Real Effects." J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(3-4): 226-261.
Scerri, T. S., Morris, A. P., Buckingham, L. L., Newbury, D. F., Miller, L. L., Monaco, A. P., Bishop, D. V., & Paracchini, S. 2011. "DCDC2, KIAA0319 and CMIP Are Associated with Reading-Related Traits." Biol. Psychiatry 70(3): 237–245.
Schubert, C. 2009. "The Genomic Basis of the Williams-Beuren Syndrome." Cell Mol Life Sci. 66(7): 1178-1197.
Shen, E., Shulha, H., Weng, Z., & Akbarian S. 2014. "Regulation of histone H3K4 Methylation in Brain Development and Disease." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(1652). pii: 20130514; doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0514
Shin, J., Ming, G. L., Song, H. 2014. "DNA Modifications In the Mammalian Brain." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(1652); pii: 20130512; doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0512
Shook, J. R., Galvagni, L., & Giordano, J. 2014. "Cognitive Enhancement Kept Within Contexts: Neuroethics and Informed Public Policy." Front Syst Neurosci. 8: 228. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00228
Spiteri, E., Konopka, G., Coppola, G., Bomar, J., Oldham, M., Ou, J., Vernes, S. C., Fisher, S. E., Ren, B., & Geschwind, D. H. 2007. "Identification of the Transcriptional Targets of FOXP2, a Gene Linked to Speech and Language, in Developing Human Brain." Am J Hum Genet. 81(6): 1144-1157.
Stetler, R. A., Gan, Y., Zhang, W., Liou, A. K., Gao, Y., Cao, G., & Chen, J. 2010. "Heat Shock Proteins: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms In the Central Nervous System." Prog Neurobiol. 92(2): 184-211; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.05.002
Strachan, T. & Read, A. P. 1999. Human Molecular Genetics. 2nd edition. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.: Oxford
Styrna, J. W. 1998. „Informacja genetyczna”. Encyklopedia Biologiczna, t. IV. Kraków: Agencja Publicystyczno-Wydawnicza Opres.
Suthana, N., Haneef, Z., Stern, J., Mukamel, R., Behnke, E., Knowlton, B., & Fried, I. 2012. "Memory Enhancement and Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Entorhinal Area." N Engl J Med. 366(6): 502–510.
Szyf, M., Weaver, I., & Meaney, M. 2007. "Maternal Care, the Epigenome and Phenotypic Differences in Behavior." Reprod Toxicol. 24(1): 9-19.
Tassabehji, M. 2003. "Williams-Beuren Syndrome: A Challenge for Genotype-Phenotype Correlations." Hum Molec Genet. 12(Spec No 2), R229-R237; doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddg299
Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M. 2014. "The Flynn Effect: A Meta-Analysis." Psychol Bull. 140(5): 1332-60; doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037173
Tsai, Ch.-J., Sauna, Z. E., Kimchi-Sarfaty, Ch., Ambudkar, S. V., Gottesman, M. M. &, Nussinov, R. 2008. "Synonymous Mutations and Ribosome Stalling Can Lead to Altered Folding Pathways and Distinct Minima." J Mol Biol. 383: 281-291.
Vernes, S. C., Newbury, D. F., Abrahams, B. S., Winchester, L., Nicod, J., Groszer, M., Alarcon, M., Oliver, P. L., Davies, K. E., Geschwind, D. H., Monaco, A. P., & Fisher, S. E. 2008. "A Functional Genetic Link Between Distinct Developmental Language Disorders." N Engl J Med. 359(22): 2337-2345.
Wade, L., Forlini, C., & Racine, E. 2014. "Generating Genius: How an Alzheimer's Drug Became Considered a 'Cognitive Enhancer' for Healthy Individuals." BMC Med Ethics 15: 37; doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-15-37
Weaver, I. C., Hellstrom, I. C., Brown, S. E., Andrews, S. D., Dymov, S., Diorio, J., Zhang, T. Y., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. 2014. "The Methylated-DNA Binding Protein MBD2 Enhances NGFI-A (egr-1)-Mediated Transcriptional Activation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(1652); pii: 20130513; doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0513
Wood, N. E., Rosasco, M. L., Suris, A. M., Spring, J. D., Marin, M. F., Lasko, N. B., Goetz, J. M., Fischer, A. M., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. 2015. "Pharmacological Blockade of Memory Reconsolidation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three Negative Psychophysiological Studies." Psychiatry Res. 225(1-2): 31-9; doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.09.005
Wortman, C. B., Loftus, E. F., & Marshall, M. E. 1992. Psychology, 4th ed. NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Yoshimoto, R., Okawa, K., Yoshida, M., Ohno, M., & Kataoka, N. 2014. "Identification of a Novel Component C2ORF3 in the Lariat-Intron Complex: Lack of C2ORF3 Interferes with pre-mRNA Splicing Via Intron Turnover Pathway." Genes Cells 19(1): 78-87; doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gtc.12114