Oh **UK! Whatever next? Multimodal humour on Brexit-related covers of The Economist
Journal cover Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, volume 58, no. 1, year 2023
PDF

Keywords

brexit
multimodality
humour
incongruity
front covers

How to Cite

Miller, D. (2023). Oh **UK! Whatever next? Multimodal humour on Brexit-related covers of The Economist . Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 58(1), 109–141. https://doi.org/10.14746/stap.2023.58.07

Abstract

Brexit has undoubtedly been one of the most hotly debated topics in both European and world politics, setting a precedent in the history of European integration. Despite its unquestionably serious repercussions, a considerable part of Brexit media coverage was aimed at amusing  the audience. An example of this includes Brexit-related covers of The Economist.

The following paper looks at humour through the lens of the traditional incongruity theory reaching back to Aristotle. Humorous effects are examined and elucidated from a multimodal perspective, including both the visual and verbal layer of the covers and their interplay, as well as intertextual techniques relying on echoing artefacts of the verbal and visual culture.

The data for the study were collected over the span of approximately four years, between June 2016 (the EU referendum) and February 2020 (Brexit). The empirical section of the study seeks  to distil the prevailing trends among the humorous covers focusing on Brexit, paying due attention to the specificity of the genre (magazine cover) and the political background of the topic in question. The intermodal and intertextual relationships involved in creating humour are examined and categorised into the following major types: analogy, addition/extension, antithesis, ambiguity,  and allusion/appropriation.

https://doi.org/10.14746/stap.2023.58.07
PDF

References

Aristotle. 1926. Aristotle in 23 volumes. Vol. 22, translated by J. H. Freese. Harvard University Press.

Attardo, Salvatore. 1994. Linguistic Theories of Humor. de Gruyter.

Attardo, Salvatore. 2001. Humorous texts: A semantic and pragmatic analysis. de Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110887969

Attardo, Salvatore & Jean-Charles Chabanne. 1992. Jokes as a text type. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 5(1–2). 165–176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1992.5.1-2.165

Attardo, Salvatore, Christian F. Hempelmann & Sara Di Maio. 2002. Script oppositions and logical

mechanisms: Modeling incongruities and their resolutions. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 15(1). 3–46.

Attardo, Salvatore & Victor Raskin. 1991. Script theory revis(it)ed: Joke similarity and joke representation model. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 4(3–4). 293–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1991.4.3-4.293

Bateman, John A. 2014. Methodological and theoretical issues in multimodality. In: Nina-Maria Klug & Hartmut Stöckl (eds.), Handbuch Sprache im multimodalen Kontext, de Gruyter. 36–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110296099-003

Benjamin, Walter. 1969. Illuminations: Essays and reflections. Schocken.

Boukes, Mark. 2019. Infotainment. In: Tim P. Vos, Folker Hanusch, Dimitra Dimitrakopoulou, Margaretha Geertsema-Sligh & Annika Sehl (eds.), International encyclopedia of journalism studies. Wiley-Blackwell. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/ (accessed 1/03/2023).

Brusenbauch Meislová, Monika, Veronika Koller, Susanne Kopf & Marlene Miglbauer. 2021. Recontextualizing Brexit: Discursive representations from outside the UK. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines 13(1). 1–11.

Buckledee, Steve. 2018. The language of Brexit: How Britain talked its way out of the European Union. Bloomsbury.

Cambridge Dictionary | English Dictionary, Translations & Thesaurus. https://dictionary. cambridge.org (accessed 23/08/2022).

Casasanto, Daniel. 2009. Embodiment of abstract concepts: Good and bad in right- and lefthanders. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138(3). 351–367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015854

Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2019. Metaphors of Brexit: No cherries on the cake? Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28768-9

Chiaro, Delia. 1992. The language of jokes: Analysing verbal play. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203327562

Chen, Qiaoyun & Guiying Jiang. 2018. Why are you amused: Unveiling multimodal humor from the prototype theoretical perspective. The European Journal of Humour Research 6(1). 62–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2018.6.1.chen

Collins Online Dictionary | Definitions, Thesaurus and Translations. http://www. collinsdictionary.com (accessed 23/08/2022).

Devitt, Amy J. 1991. Intertextuality in tax accounting: Generic, referential, and functional. In: Charles Bazerman & James Paradis (eds.), Textual dynamics of the professions: Historical and contemporary studies of writing in professional communities, University of Wisconsin Press. 336–357.

Đurović, Tatjana & Nadežda Silaški. 2018. The end of a long and fraught marriage: Metaphorical images structuring the Brexit discourse. Metaphor and the Social World 8(1). 25–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.17010.dur

Dynel, Marta. 2008. Introduction to special issue on humour: A modest attempt at presenting contemporary linguistic approaches to humour studies. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 4(1). 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10016-008-0007-1

Dynel, Marta. 2016. “I has seen image macros!” Advice animal memes as visual-verbal jokes. International Journal of Communication 10. 660–688.

Dynel, Marta. 2021. COVID-19 memes going viral: On the multiple multimodal voices behind face masks. Discourse & Society 32(2). 175–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926520970385

El Refaie, Elisabeth. 2009. What makes us laugh? Verbo-visual humour in newspaper cartoons. In: Eija Ventola & Arsenio Jesús Moya Guijarro (eds.), The world told and the world shown: Multisemiotic issues, Palgrave. 75–89.

El Refaie, Elisabeth. 2011. The pragmatics of humour reception: Young people’s responses to a newspaper cartoon. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 24(1). 87–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2011.005

Forabosco, Giovannantonio. 1992. Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 5(1–2). 45–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1992.5.1-2.45

Forabosco, Giovannantonio. 2008. Is the concept of incongruity still a useful construct for the advancement of humor research? Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 4(1). 45–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10016-008-0003-5

Francesconi, Sabrina. 2011. Multimodally expressed humour shaping Scottishness in tourist postcards. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 9(1). 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2010.521561

Gaede, Werner. 1992. Vom Wort zum Bild: Kreativ-Methoden der Visualisierung. Wirtschaftsverlag Langen Müller/Herbig.

Godioli, Alberto & Ana Pedrazzini. 2019. Falling stars and sinking ships: Framing and metaphor in cartoons about Brexit. Journal of European Studies 49(3–4). 302–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047244119859167

Held, Gudrun. 2005a. Covers – ein multimodaler Kontakttext im aktuellen Info-Marketing. In: Harmut Lenk & Andrew Chesterman (eds.), Pressetextsorten im Vergleich – Contrasting text types in the press, Verlag Georg Olms AG. 323–350.

Held, Gudrun. 2005b. Magazine covers – A multimodal pretext-genre. Folia Linguistica 39(1–2). 173–196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.2005.39.1-2.173

Geiger, Susi & Beate Henn-Memmesheimer. 1998. Visuell-verbale Textgestaltung von Werbeanzeigen. Zur textlinguistischen Untersuchung multikodaler Kommunikationsformen. Kodikas, Code – Ars Semeiotica 21(1–2). 55–74.

Holmes, Janet. 2000. Politeness, power and provocation: How humour functions in the workplace. Discourse Studies 2(2). 159–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445600002002002

Hoven, Paul, van den & Joost Schilperoord. 2017. Perspective by incongruity: Visual argumentative meaning in editorial cartoons. In: Assimakis Tseronis & Charles Forceville (eds.), Multimodal argumentation and rhetoric in media genres, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 138–164.

Hutcheon, Linda. 2006. A theory of adaptation. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203957721

Katz, Elihu & David Foulkes. 1962. On the use of the mass media as “escape”: Clarification of a concept. Public Opinion Quarterly 26(3). 377–388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/267111

Klug, Nina-Maria & Harmut Stöckl (eds.). 2014. Handbuch Sprache im multimodalen Kontext. de Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110295979.242

Knobel, Michele & Colin Lankshear. 2007. Online memes, affinities, and cultural production. In: Michele Knobel & Colin Lankshear (eds.), A new literacies sampler, Peter Lang. 199–229.

Koestler, Arthur. 1964. The act of creation. Hutchinson.

Koller, Veronika, Susanne Kopf & Marlene Miglbauer (eds.). 2019. Discourses of Brexit. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351041867

Kövecses, Zoltán. 2020. Extended conceptual metaphor theory. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108859127

Kress, Gunther. 2011. Multimodal discourse analysis. In: Michael Handford & James Paul Gee (eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis, Routledge. 35–50.

Kress, Gunther & Jon Ogborn. 1998. Modes of representation and local epistemologies: The presentation of science in education, subjectivity in school curriculum. University of London Press.

Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen. 1998. Front pages: (The critical) Analysis of newspaper layout. In: Allan Bell & Peter Garrett (eds.), Approaches to media discourse, Blackwell. 186–219.

Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen. 2001. Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. Arnold.

Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203619728

Krikmann, Arvo. 2009. On the similarity and distinguishability of humour and figurative speech. Trames 13. 14–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2009.1.02

Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.

Lalić-Krstin, Gordana & Nadežda Silaški. 2019. ‘Don’t go brexin’ my heart’: The ludic aspects of Brexit-induced neologisms. In: Veronika Koller, Susanne Kopf & Marlene Miglbauer (eds.), Discourses of Brexit, Routledge. 222–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351041867-14

Leeuwen, Theo, van. 2005. Introducing social semiotics. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203647028

Leeuwen, Theo, van & Gunther Kress. 1995. Critical layout analysis. Internationale Schulbuchforschung 17(1). 25–43.

Machin, David & Andrea Mayr. 2012. How to do Critical Discourse Analysis. A multimodal introduction. Sage.

Macmillan Dictionary | Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus. https://www.macmillandictionary.com (accessed 23/08/2022).

Martin, Rod A. 2007. The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Elsevier Academic Press.

McGraw, Peter A., Caleb Warren, Lawrence E. Williams & Bridget Leonard. 2012. Too close for comfort, or too far to care? Finding humor in distant tragedies and close mishaps. Psychological Science 23(10). 1215–1223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612443831

Miglbauer, Marlene & Veronika Koller. 2021. Anger, laughter and frustration: Reactions to House of Commons Brexit debates on an Austrian news forum. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines 13(1). 55–84.

Miller, Dorota. 2019. Brex and the city. Cultural references in British, German and Polish newspaper articles on the British EU referendum. Tematy i konteksty 9(14). 472–489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15584/tik.2019.30

Miller, Dorota. 2020. „Jeder für sich” vs. „Divided we fall”. Deutsche und britische Titelseiten zum Brexit. In: Zofia Berdychowska & Frank Liedtke (eds.), Aspekte multimodaler

Kurzformen. Kurztexte und multimodale Kurzformen im öffentlichen Raum, Peter Lang. 29–41.

Miller, Dorota. 2021. Make leave, not war. Intertextual references in the British press coverage of Brexit. Topics in Linguistics 22(2). 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/topling-2021-0007

Mitchell, W. J. Thomas. 1994. Picture theory: Essays on verbal and visual representation. University of Chicago Press.

Morozova, Olena. 2017. Monomodal and multimodal instantiations of conceptual metaphors of Brexit. Lege artis. Language yesterday, today, tomorrow 2(2). 250–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/lart-2017-0017

Musolff, Andreas. 2000. Maritime journey metaphors in British and German public discourse: Transport vessels of international communication? German as a foreign language 3. 66–80.

Musolff, Andreas. 2006. Metaphor scenarios in public discourse. Metaphor and Symbol 21(1). 23–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms2101_2

Musolff, Andreas. 2016. Political metaphor analysis. Discourse and scenarios. Bloomsbury.

Nöth, Winfried. 2000. Der Zusammenhang von Text und Bild. In: Klaus Brinker, Gerd Antos, Wolfgang Heinemann & Sven Sager (eds.), Text- und Gesprächslinguistik. Ein Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung. 1. Halbband, de Gruyter. 489–496.

Ott, Brian & Cameron Walter. 2000. Intertextuality: Interpretive practice and textual strategy. Critical Studies in Media Communication 17(4). 429–446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295030009388412

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 11/03/2023).

Page, Janis Teruggi. 2020. Trump as global spectacle. In: Sheree Josephson, James Kelly & Ken Smith (eds.), Handbook of visual communication: Theory, methods, and media, Routledge. 139–151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429491115-12

Peters, Jeremy W. 2010. The Economist tends its sophisticate garden. New York Times Aug. 8, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/business/media/09economist.html (accessed 1/03/2023).

Ritchie, Graeme. 2000. Describing verbally expressed humour. In: Time for AI and society.

Proceedings of AISB’00 Symposium on Creative and Cultural Aspects and Applications of AI and Cognitive Science, University of Birmingham. 71–78.

Ritchie, Graeme. 2004. The linguistic analysis of jokes. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203406953

Ritchie, Graeme. 2014. Logic and reasoning in jokes. European Journal of Humour Research 2(1). 50–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2014.2.1.ritchie

Rodet, Pauline. 2020. Metaphor as the distorting mirror of Brexit: A corpus-based analysis of metaphors and manipulation in the Brexit debate. Studies in Linguistics and Discourse Analysis 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35562/elad-silda.865

Rocci, Andrea & Chiara Pollaroli. 2018. Introduction: Multimodality in argumentation. Semiotica 2018(220). 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0150

Samson, Andrea C. & Oswald Huber. 2007. The interaction of cartoonist’s gender and formal DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2007.001

features of cartoons. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 20(1). 1–25.

Schmitz, Ulrich. 2005. Sehflächen lesen. Der Deutschunterricht 57(4). 2–5. Shifman, Limor. 2014. Memes in digital culture. MIT Press.

Silaški, Nadežda & Tatjana Đurović. 2019. The JOURNEY metaphor in Brexit-related political cartoons. Discourse, Context & Media 31. 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2019.100318

Spillner, Bernd. 1982. Stilanalyse semiotisch komplexer Texte. Zum Verhältnis von sprachlicher und bildlicher Information in Werbeanzeigen. Kodikas/Code 4–5(1). 91–106.

Stöckl, Hartmut. 2004. In between modes: Language and image in printed media. In: Eija Ventola, Cassily Charles & Martin Kaltenbacher (eds.), Perspectives on multi-modality, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9–30.

Stöckl, Hartmut. 2009a. Beyond depicting. Language-image-links in the service of advertising. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 34(1). 3–28.

Stöckl, Hartmut. 2009b. The language-image-text – Theoretical and analytical inroads into semiotic complexity. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 34(2). 203–226.

Stöckl, Hartmut. 2014. Multimodalität – Semiotische und textlinguistische Grundlagen. In Nina-Maria Klug & Harmut Stöckl (eds.), Handbuch Sprache im multimodalen Kontext, de Gruyter. 3–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110296099-002

Stwora, Anna. 2020. Funny or distasteful? A cross-cultural perspective on surprise and humour in multimodal advertising. The European Journal of Humour Research 8(2) 113–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2020.8.2.Stwora

The Economist. https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/archive (accessed 1/03/2023).

The Economist. https://www.economist.com/frequently-asked-questions (accessed 1/03/2023).

The Economist. https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/EconomistBrexitBriefs16.pdf (accessed 1/03/3023).

The Audit Bureau of Circulations. https://www.abc.org.uk/ (accessed 1/03/2023).

Tsakona, Villy. 2009. Language and image interaction in cartoons: Towards a multimodal theory of humor. Journal of Pragmatics 41(6). 1171–1188. 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.12.003

Tsakona, Villy. 2020. Recontextualizing humor. Rethinking the analysis and teaching of humor. de Gruyter. D DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501511929

Tsakona, Villy & Jan Chovanec. 2020. Revisiting intertextuality and humour: Fresh perspectives on a classic topic. European Journal of Humour Research 8(3). 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2020.8.3.Tsakona

Tseronis, Assimakis. 2015. Multimodal argumentation in news magazine covers: A case study of front covers putting Greece on the spot of the European economic crisis. Discourse, Context & Media 7. 18–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2014.12.003

Tseronis, Assimakis. 2018. Determining the commitments of image-makers in arguments with multimodal allusions in the front covers of The Economist: Insights from Relevance Theory. International Review of Pragmatics 10(2). 243–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18773109-01002006

Tseronis, Assimakis. 2021. From visual rhetoric to multimodal argumentation: Exploring the rhetorical and argumentative relevance of multimodal figures on the covers of The Economist. Visual Communication 20(3). 374–396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14703572211005498

Tseronis, Assimakis & Charles Forceville. 2017a. Argumentation and rhetoric in visual and multimodal communication. In: Assimakis Tseronis & Charles Forceville (eds.), Multimodal argumentation and rhetoric in media genres, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/aic.14.01tse

Tseronis, Assimakis & Charles Forceville. 2017b. The argumentative relevance of visual and multimodal antithesis in Frederick Wiseman’s documentaries. In: Assimakis Tseronis & Charles Forceville (eds.), Multimodal argumentation and rhetoric in media genres, John Benjamins Publishing Company. 165–188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/aic.14.07tse

Weaver, Simon. 2022. The rhetoric of Brexit humour. Comedy, populism and the EU referendum. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329715

Wiggins, Bradley E. 2019. The discursive power of memes in digital culture: Ideology, semiotics, and intertextuality. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429492303

Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org (accessed 1/03/2023).

Young, James O. 2008. Cultural appropriation and the arts. Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470694190

Zuschlag, Christoph. 2012. “Die Kopie ist das Originalˮ: Über Appropriation Art. In: Ariane Mensger (ed.), Déjà-vu? Die Kunst der Wiederholung von Dürer bis YouTube, Kerber. 126–135.