“Be War in Tyme, Approchis Neir the End”: The Sense of an Ending in the Testament of Cresseid
PDF

Keywords

apocalypse
dying in the Middle Ages
Robert Henryson
Testament of Cresseid
Troilus and Criseyde
Saturn
poetic closure

How to Cite

Ruszkiewicz, D. (2016). “Be War in Tyme, Approchis Neir the End”: The Sense of an Ending in the Testament of Cresseid. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 51(2), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1515/stap-2016-0011

Abstract

The story of Troilus and Criseyde - whether in Chaucer’s or Henryson’s renditions - is not a story about a new beginning, but a story about an end: the end of love, of hope, and finally - the end of life: Troilus’s life in Chaucer’s poem and Cresseid’s life in Henryson’s. The Scottish version of the story, however, not only evokes the end of an individual life, but also the end of the world. The purpose of this paper is to situate Henryson’s poem in the context of apocalyptic fiction - fiction which is concerned with loss, decay and the finality of things. My contention that the poem belongs to the apocalyptic genre is based on a number of its features, such as the elegiac mood and imagery, the contrast between the past and the present, as well as the pattern of sin-redemption-preparation for death, which applies to Cresseid’s life, but also invites reflection on our own.

https://doi.org/10.1515/stap-2016-0011
PDF

References

Benson, Larry D. (ed.). 1988. The Riverside Chaucer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. 1988. The Knight’s tale. In Larry D. Benson (ed.), The Riverside Chaucer, 37-66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. 1988. Troilus and Criseyde. In Larry D. Benson (ed.), The Riverside Chaucer, 473-585. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

De Lorris, Guillaume & Jean de Meun. 1994. The romance of the rose. Trans. Frances Horgan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Henryson, Robert. 1999a. Orpheus and Eurydice. In J. A. Tasioulas (ed.), The makars: The poems of Henryson, Dunbar and Douglas, 158-186. Edinburgh: Canongate Books.

Henryson, Robert. 1999b. The testament of Cresseid. In J. A. Tasioulas (ed.), The makars: The poems of Henryson, Dunbar and Douglas, 187-214. Edinburgh: Canongate Books.

Henryson, Robert. 1999c. The preaching of the swallow. In J. A. Tasioulas (ed.), The makars: The poems of Henryson, Dunbar and Douglas, 87-103. Edinburgh: Canongate Books.

Holy Bible, The. 2004. The Holy Bible. King James Version. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers.

Person, Henry A. (ed.). 1953. Cambridge Middle English lyrics. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Tasioulas, J. A. (ed.). 1999. The makars: The poems of Henryson, Dunbar and Douglas. Edinburgh: Canongate Books.

Villon, François. 2013. The testament and other poems. Trans. Anthony Mortimer. Richmond: Alma Classics

Ariès, Philippe. 2009. Western attitudes toward death: From the middle ages to the present. London & New York: Marion Boyars.

Bloomfield, Morton W. 1962. Piers Plowman as a fourteenth-century apocalypse. New Brunswick & New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Bridges, Margaret. 1984. The sense of an ending: The case of the dream-vision. Dutch Quarterly Review of Anglo-American Letters 14. 81-96.

Brody, Nathaniel. 1974. The disease of the soul: Leprosy in medieval literature. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press.

Calin, William. 2013. The lily and the thistle: The French tradition and the older literature of Scotland. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Cherniss, Michael D. 1987. Boethian apocalypse: Studies in Middle English vision poetry. Norman, Okla.: Pilgrim Books.

Curry, Walter Clyde. 1926. Chaucer and the mediaeval sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dunnigan, Sarah M. 2004. Feminizing the text, feminizing the reader? The mirror of ‘feminitie’ in The testament of Cresseid. Studies in Scottish Literature 33.1. 107-123.

Emmerson, Richard Kenneth & Ronald B. Herzman. 1992. The Roman de la Rose: Jean de Meun’s apocalyptic age of hypocrisy. In Richard Kenneth Emmerson & Ronald B. Herzman (eds.), Apocalyptic imagination in medieval literature, 76-103. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Emmerson, Richard Kenneth & Ronald B. Herzman. 1992. The Canterbury Tales: Apocalypticism and Chaucer’s pilgrimage. In Richard Kenneth Emmerson & Ronald B. Herzman (eds.), Apocalyptic imagination in medieval literature, 145-181. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Fitch, Audrey-Beth. 2009. The search for salvation. Lay faith in Scotland, 1480-1560 (Edited by Elizabeth Ewan). Edinburgh: John Donald.

Fradenburg, Louise Olga. 1998. The Scottish Chaucer. In Daniel J. Pinti (ed.), Writing after Chaucer: Essential readings in Chaucer and the fifteenth century, 167-176. New York & London: Garland Publishing.

Gillespie, Vincent. 2005. Moral and penitential lyrics. In Thomas G. Duncan (ed.), A companion to Middle English lyric, 68-95. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.

Gray, Douglas. 1981. ‘Th’ende is every tales strengthe’: Henryson’s fables. In R. J. Lyall & Felicity Riddy (eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Scottish language and literature: Medieval and Renaissance, 225-250. Stirling, Glasgow: William Culross & Son.

Green, Martin. 1975. Man, time and apocalypse in The wanderer, The seafarer, and Beowulf. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 74. 502-518.

Grigsby, Bryon Lee. 2003. Pestilence in medieval and early modern English literature. New York: Routledge.

Herrnstein Smith, Barbara. 1968. Poetic closure. A study of how poems end. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.

Higl, Andrew. 2010. Henryson’s textual and narrative prosthesis onto Chaucer’s corpus: Cresseid’s leprosy and Her Schort Conclusioun. In Joshua Eyler (ed.), Disability in the Middle Ages: Reconsiderations and reverberations, 167-181. London: Ashgate.

Jentoft, C.W. 1972. Henryson as authentic ‘Chaucerian’: Narrator, character, and courtly love in The testament of Cresseid. Studies in Scottish Literature 10.2. 94-102.

Kermode, Frank. 2000. The sense of an ending. Studies in the theory of fiction with a new epilogue. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mann, Jill. 1990. The planetary gods in Chaucer and Henryson. In Ruth Morse & Barry Windeatt (eds.), Chaucer traditions: Studies in honour of Derek Brewer, 91-106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McGerr, Rosemarie P. 1998. Chaucer’s open books: Resistance to closure in medieval discourse. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

McNamara, John. 1973. Divine justice in Henryson’s Testament of Cresseid. Studies in Scottish Literature 11.1. 99-107.

Noll, Dolores L. 1971. The testament of Cresseid: Are Christian interpretations valid? Studies in Scottish Literature 9.1. 16-25.

Parkinson, David J. 1991. Henryson’s Scottish tragedy. The Chaucer Review 25.4. 355-362.

Patterson, Lee. 1973. Christian and pagan in The testament of Cresseid. Philological Quarterly 52. 696-714.

Rawcliffe, Carole. 2009. Leprosy in medieval England. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.

Smoller, Laura A. 2000. Of earthquakes, hail, frogs, and geography: Plague and the investigation of the apocalypse in the later Middle Ages. In Caroline Bynum & Paul Freedman (eds.), Last things: Death and apocalypse in the Middle Ages, 156-187. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Storm, Melvin. 1993. The intertextual Cressida: Chaucer’s Henryson or Henryson’s Chaucer? Studies in Scottish Literature 28.1. 105-122.

Straw, Carole. 2000. Settling scores. Eschatology in the Church of the Martyrs. In Caroline Bynum & Paul Freedman (eds.), Last things: Death and apocalypse in the Middle Ages, 21-40. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Strohm, Paul. 1989. Social Chaucer. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Tambling, Jeremy. 2004. Allegory and the work of melancholy: The late medieval and Shakespeare. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.