Lexical Borrowing in the Light of Digital Resources: Nyet as a Case Study
PDF

Keywords

OED3
nyet
loanword
Russian
citation
antedating
British English
American English
digital resources

How to Cite

Podhajecka, M. (2021). Lexical Borrowing in the Light of Digital Resources: Nyet as a Case Study. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 56(1), 121–147. https://doi.org/10.2478/stap-2021-0019

Abstract

The mere appearance of a foreign word does not necessarily mark the birth of a loanword, which requires documented usage by the speech community. Relatively little research has been dedicated so far to the “prenatal” stage that would investigate the tentative infiltration of foreign-derived words. Nyet, a borrowing from Russian, is taken as a case in point. Although its first recorded instance in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) is dated to 1928, it had been increasingly recognized in English for several decades. This article focuses on textual attestations for nyet discovered in a range of digital resources, including British and American newspaper archives, and discusses their usefulness as potential antedatings for OED3’s entry.

https://doi.org/10.2478/stap-2021-0019
PDF

References

(American) Historical Newspapers. https://www.newspapers.com/

BNC = The British National Corpus. https://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/

British Newspaper Archive. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/

Chronicling America. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/

COCA = The Corpus of Contemporary American English. https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/

COHA = The Corpus of Historical American English. https://corpus.byu.edu/coha/

GloWbE = The Corpus of Global-Web Based English. https://www.english-corpora.org/glowbe/

Google Books. https://books.google.com/

Hansard Corpus. https://www.hansard-corpus.org/

HathiTrust. https://www.hathitrust.org/

Internet Archive. https://archive.org/

NOW Corpus (News on the Web). https://corpus.byu.edu/now/

The New York Times Archive. https://www.nytimes.com/

Time Magazine Corpus. https://www.english-corpora.org/time/

Adams, James N. 2003. Bilingualism and the Latin language. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511482960

Aizlewood, Robert. 2007. Routledge intensive Russian course. Routledge.

Ayto, John. 1999. Twentieth century words. Oxford University Press.

Baker, Colin & Sylvia Prys Jones (eds.). 1998. Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education. Multilingual Matters.

Barnhart, Clarence L., Sol Steinmetz & Robert K. Barnhart (eds.). 1980. The second Barnhart dictionary of new words. Barnhart Books.

Barros, Rita Queiroz de. 2018. Twentieth-century Romance loans: Code-switching in the Oxford English Dictionary? In Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.), Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond, De Gruyter Mouton, 61‒76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501504945-004

Benson, Morton. 1957. American influence on the immigrant Russian press. American Speech 32(4). 257‒263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/453974

Benson, Morton. 1962. Russianisms in the American press. American Speech 37(1). 41‒47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/453994

Brewer, Charlotte. 2013. OED online re-launched: Distinguishing old scholarship from new. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 34. 101‒126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2013.0002

Bryant, Margaret M. 1967. A selected list of compounds from present-day reading. Publication of the American Dialect Society 48(1). 1‒32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/-48-1-1

Carstensen, Broder. 1965. Englische Einflüsse auf die deutsche Sprache nach 1945. Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.

Coleman, Brian. 2016. George Horton: The literary diplomat. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 30(1). 81‒93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0307013100015068

Derbyshire, William W. 1971. The lexical impact of Russian upon English. Russian Language Journal / Русский Язык 25(91). 41‒50.

Dubinina, Irina & Maria Polinsky. 2013. Russian in the USA. In Michael Moser & Maria Polinsky (eds.), Slavic languages in migration, LIT Verlag. 1–28.

Durkin, Philip. 2009. The Oxford guide to etymology. Oxford University Press.

Durkin, Philip. 2014. Borrowed words. A history of loanwords in English. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574995.001.0001

Eddy, Anna A. & Zoya G. Proshina. 2016. Russian and English contact: Past and present. In Zoya G. Proshina & Anna A. Eddy (eds.), Russian English. History, functions, and features, Cambridge University Press. 9–24.

Field, Frederic W. 2002. Linguistic borrowing in bilingual contexts. John Benjamins. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.62

Fischer, Roswitha. 2010. Introduction: Studying anglicisms. In Roswitha Fischer & Hanna Pułaczewska (eds.), Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic diversity in a global context, Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 1‒14.

Gilliver, Peter. 2005. Materials and methodologies for the New Oxford English Dictionary”. In Henrik Gottlieb, Jens Erik Mogensen & Arne Zettersen (eds.), Symposium on Lexicography XI: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Lexicography May 2‒4, 2002 at the University of Copenhagen, Max Niemeyer Verlag. 241‒248.

Gilliver, Peter. 2016. The making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283620.001.0001

Görlach, Manfred. 2008. Borrowing as language conflict. In Marlis Hellinger & Anne Pauwels (eds.), Handbook of language and communication: Diversity and change, De Gruyter Mouton. 715‒749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110198539.4.715

Grant, Anthony P. 2015. Lexical borrowing. In John R. Taylor (ed.), Oxford handbook of the word, Oxford University Press. 431‒444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641604.013.029

Haspelmath, Martin. 2009. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.). Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, De Gruyter Mouton. 35‒54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110218442.35

Hock, Hans H. 1991. Principles of historical linguistics (2nd edn.). De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219135

Hoogervorst, Tom. 2018. Sailors, tailors, cooks, and crooks: On loanwords and neglected lives of Indian Ocean ports. Itinerario 42(3). 516‒548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165115318000645

Kabakchi, Victor V. 2013. Russian-Culture-Oriented English (RCOE). Studia Linguistica: Язык. Текст. Дискурс 22. 132‒141.

MacSwan, Jeff. 2012. Code-switching and grammatical theory. In Tej K. Bhatia & William C. Ritchie (eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism (2nd edn.), Wiley Blackwell. 323‒350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118332382.ch13

Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809873

McDonald, Katherine. 2015. Oscan in Southern Italy and Sicily. Evaluating language contact in a fragmentary corpus. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316218457

McKean, Erin. 2007. What came first: The competitive sport of ‘antedating’. The Boston Globe, October 14, 2007.

Mencken, Henry L. 1921. The American language: An inquiry into the development of English in the United States. A. A. Knopf.

Moskowich, Isabel. 2019. An introduction to CHET, the Corpus of History English Texts. In Isabel Moskowich, Begoña Crespo, Luis Puente-Castelo & Leida Maria Monaco (eds.), Writing history in Late Modern English: Explorations of the Coruña Corpus, John Benjamins. 41–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/z.225.03mos

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2002. Contact linguistics: Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299530.001.0001

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2006. Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism. Wiley-Blackwell.

OED1 = Murray, James A. H., Henry Bradley, William Craigie & Charles T. Onions (eds.). 1884–1928. The Oxford English Dictionary (originally published as A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles), vols. 1‒10. Clarendon Press.

OED2 = Simpson, John & Edmund S. Weiner (eds.). 1989. The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edn.), vols. 1‒20. Clarendon Press.

OED3 = Simpson, John & Michael Proffitt (eds.). 2000–. The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd edn.). Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/

Ogilvie, Sarah. 2008. The mysterious case of the vanishing tramlines: James Murray’s legacy and the 1933 OED Supplement. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 29. 1‒22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dic.2008.0009

Ogilvie, Sarah. 2013. Words of the world: A global history of the Oxford English Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139129046

Pahta, Päivi, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (eds.). 2018. Multilingual practices in language history: English and beyond. De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501504945

Peal, Elizabeth & Wallace E. Lambert. 1962. The relation of bilingualism to intelligence. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 76. 1‒23.

Pennington, A. E. 1967. A sixteenth-century English slavist. The Modern Language Review 62(4). 680‒686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3723096

Podhajecka, Mirosława. 2013. Russian borrowings in English: A dictionary and corpus study. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Opolskiego.

Podhajecka, Mirosława. 2018. Russian loanwords in the Oxford English Dictionary revisited. Przegląd Rusycystyczny 2. 133‒158.

Podhajecka, Mirosława. 2020. Additional evidence for nu. American Speech 95(3). 364‒376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-7362206

Poplack, Shana. 2018. Borrowing: Loanwords in the speech community and in the grammar. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.001.0001

Poucke, Piet van. 2011. Translation and linguistic innovation: The rise and fall of Russian loanwords in literary translation into Dutch. TransÜD. Arbeiten zur Theorie und Praxis des Übersetzens und Dolmetschens 39. 101‒120.

Pushkin, Alexander. 1881. Eugine Onéguine: A romance of Russian life in verse. Translated from the Russian by Lieut-Col. Spalding. Macmillan.

Reiff, C.P. 1869. Little manual of the Russian language: A work in which the Russian words are represented with their pronunciation figured in English characters and with their accentuation (3rd edn.). Mausenneueve.

Saugera, Valérie. 2017. Remade in France: Anglicisms in the lexicon and morphology of French. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.001.0001

Schendl, Herbert. 2002. Mixed-language texts as data and evidence in English historical linguistics. In Donka Minkova & Robert Stockwell (eds.), Studies in the history of the English language: The millennial perspective, De Gruyter. 51‒78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110197143.1.51

Schultz, Julia. 2013. Twentieth century borrowings from French to English: Their reception and development. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Simpson, John & Edmund Weiner (eds.). 1993. Oxford English Dictionary additions series, vols. 1‒2. Clarendon Press.

Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.

Thomason, Sarah G. 2013. Innovation and contact: The role of adults (and children). In Daniel Schreier & Marianne Hundt (eds.), English as a contact language, Cambridge University Press, 283‒297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511740060.016

Thomason, Sarah G. & Terrence Kaufman. 1992. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. University of California Press.

Treffers-Daller, Jeanine. 2010. Borrowing. In Mirjam Fried, Jan-Ola Östman & Jef Verschueren (eds.), Variation and change: Pragmatic perspectives, John Benjamins. 17‒35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hoph.6.02tre

Tulloch, Joanna. 2002. ‘Exotic’ loans and their etymologies. Oxford University Working Papers in Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics 7. 238–241.

Watts, Richard J. 2012. New perspectives, theories and methods: The actuation problem revisited. In Alexander Bergs & Laurel J. Brinton (eds.), English historical linguistics, vol. 2, De Gruyter Mouton. 1490‒1509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110251609.1490

Weinreich, Uriel. 1970. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110802177

Winford, Donald. 2010. Contact and borrowing. In Raymond Hickey (ed.), The handbook of language contact, Wiley-Blackwell. 170‒187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.ch8

Winter-Froemel, Esme. 2014. Formal variance and semantic changes in borrowing: Integrating semasiology and onomasiology. In Eline Zenner & Gitte Christiansen (eds.), New perspectives on lexical borrowing: Onomasiological, methodological and phraseological innovations, De Gruyter Mouton, 65‒100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514305.65