Post-Apocalyptic Stress Disorder in the Leftovers
PDF

Keywords

The Leftovers
trauma
trauma and temporality
apocalypse
acting out
working through

How to Cite

Front, S. (2021). Post-Apocalyptic Stress Disorder in the Leftovers. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 56(1), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.2478/stap-2021-0028

Abstract

In Tom Perrotta’s novel, The Leftovers (2011), and the TV series (2014–2017) based on the novel, 2% (140 million) of the world’s population vanish into thin air. The event constitutes a temporal rift that divides history into Before and After and inaugurates a new mode of temporality, marked by a break with a clock-time-based economy and a yearning for the ultimate end. This new mode of temporality is accompanied by the shattering of the individual sense of being-in-time. The essay focuses on the altered experience of time both on individual and collective levels, a condition that constitutes a kind of post-apocalyptic stress disorder. The characters’ reactions to the traumatic experience demonstrate that the inexplicability of the apocalyptic event and duration without closure are psychologically intolerable. As closure is impossible, they cannot work through the trauma, remaining trapped in the past event and the present anticipation of the ultimate annihilation while the future horizon becomes obliterated.

https://doi.org/10.2478/stap-2021-0028
PDF

References

Lindelof, Damon & Tom Perrotta. 2014–2017. The Leftovers. HBO.

Perrotta, Tom. 2011. The Leftovers. Fourth Estate.

Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2004. Toward a theory of cultural trauma. In Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ron Eyerman, Bernhard Giesen, Neil J. Smelser & Piotr Sztompka, Cultural trauma and collective identity, University of California Press. 1–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520936768-002

Anderson, Michael C. 2001. Active forgetting. Evidence for functional inhibition as a source of memory failure. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 4(2). 185–210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v04n02_09

Aydin, Ciano. 2017. How to forget the unforgettable? On collective trauma, cultural identity, and mnemotechnologies. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research 17(3). 125–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2017.1340160

Barnaby, Andrew. 2012. Coming too late: Freud, belatedness, and existential trauma. SubStance 41(2). 119–138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/sub.2012.0014

Booth, Paul. 2011. Memories, temporalities, fictions: Temporal displacement in contemporary television. Television & New Media 12(4). 370–388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476410392806

Butler, David. 2009. Fantasy cinema: Impossible worlds on screen. Wallflower Press.

Caruth, Cathy. 1995. Introduction. In Cathy Caruth (ed.), Trauma: Explorations in memory, Johns Hopkins University Press. 3–12.

Caruth, Cathy. 1996. Unclaimed experience: Trauma, narrative and history. John Hopkins University Press.

Chang, Kay. 2017. Living with vulnerability and resiliency: The psychological experience of collective trauma. Acta Psychopathologica 3(53). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-6676.100125

Craps, Stef & Gert Buelens. 2008. Introduction: Postcolonial trauma novels. Studies in the Novel 40 (1–2). 1–12.

DeLillo, Don. 2001. In the ruins of the future. Reflections on terror and loss in the shadow of September. Harper’s Magazine (December 2001). (accessed 08/11/2019).

Dixon, Wheeler Winston. 2004. Introduction: Something lost – Film after 9/11. In Wheeler Winston Dixon (ed.), Film and television after 9/11, Southern Illinois University Press. 1–28.

Eaglestone, Robert. 2004. The Holocaust and the postmodern. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265930.001.0001

Erikson, Kai T. 1976. Everything in its path: Destruction of community in the Buffalo Creek flood. Simon & Schuster.

Gibbs, Alan. 2014. Contemporary American trauma narratives. Edinburgh University Press.

Gomel, Elana. 2012. Postmodern science fiction and temporal imagination. London: Continuum.

Hirschberger, Gilad. 2018. Collective trauma and the social construction of meaning. Frontiers in Psychology 9:1441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01441

Houpt, Simon. 2014. The psychological apocalypse of The leftovers. The Globe and Mail. (27 June 2014). (accessed 08/11/2019)

Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. 1992. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.

Joseph, Charles & Delphine Letort. 2017. Tom Perrotta’s The Leftovers in textual seriality: Trauma, resilience... resolution? Littérature et séries télévisées/Literature and TV series 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/tvseries.2170

Kachka, Boris. 2014. Tom Perrotta on teaching, turning books into movies, and his new show The Leftovers. Vulture (6 July 2014). (accessed 18/09/2020)

Kaplan, E. Ann & Ban Wang (eds.). 2008. Trauma and cinema: Cross-cultural explorations. Hong Kong University Press.

Kauffman, Jeffrey (ed.). 2002. Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss. Routledge.

Kermode, Frank. 2000 [1967]. The sense of an ending. The studies in the theory of fiction. Oxford University Press.

Laplanche, Jean & Jean-Bertrand Pontalis. 1973. The language of psychoanalysis. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Hogarth Press Ltd.

LaCapra, Dominick. 2014. Writing history, writing trauma. John Hopkins University Press.

Lowenthal, David. 1992. The death of the future. In Sandra Wallman (ed.), Contemporary futures: Perspectives from social anthropology, Routledge. 23–35.

Luckhurst, Roger. 2003a. Demon-haunted Darwinism. New Formations 49. 124–135.

Luckhurst, Roger. 2003b. Traumaculture. In Joe Brooker & Roger Luckhurst (eds.), New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics, Special Edition 50. 28–47.

Luckhurst, Roger. 2008. The trauma question. Routledge.

Matthews. Melvin E., Jr. 2012. Duck and cover. Civil defense images in film and television from the Cold War to 9/11. McFarland.

Miller, T. S. 2012. Apocalypse in the mainstream 101. SFRA Review 301. 30–38.

Mittel, Jason. 2015. Complex TV: The poetics of contemporary television storytelling. New York University Press.

Murphy, Cason. 2016. Augusto Boal is alive and well and living in Mapleton: The Guilty Remnant in HBO’s The Leftovers. Journal of Film and Video 68(3–4). 104–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5406/jfilmvideo.68.3-4.0104

Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1997 [1887]. On the genealogy of morality. Edited by Keith Ansell-Pearson and translated by Carol Diethe. Cambridge University Press.

Nowotny, Helga. 1994. Time: The modern and postmodern experience. Translated by Neville Plaice. Polity.

Robinson, Joanna. 2017. Did The Leftovers finale answer what happened to the departed? Vanity Fair (4 June 2017). (accessed 08/11/2020)

Seltzer, Mark. 1997. Wound culture: Trauma in the pathological public sphere, October 80. 3–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/778805

Stolorow, Robert. 2007. Trauma and human existence: Autobiographical, psychoanalytic, and philosophical reflections. Routledge.

Tew, Philip. 2007. The contemporary British novel (2nd edn.). Continuum.

VanDerWerff, Emily. 2014. The Leftovers is TV’s best exploration of depression. Vox (7 September 2014). (accessed 08/11/2020)

VanDerWerff, Emily. 2015. The Leftovers finale: Showrunner Damon Lindelof unpacks an amazing season of TV. Vox (10 December 2015). (accessed 08/11/2020)

Vickroy, Laurie. 2015. Reading trauma narratives: The contemporary novel and the psychology of oppression. University of Virginia Press.

Virilio, Paul. 1995. Speed and information: Cyberspace alarm! Translated by Patrice Riemens. CTheory.net. https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ctheory/article/view/14657. (accessed 08/11/2020)

Volkan, Vamık. 1997. Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Whitehead, Anne. 2004. Trauma fiction. Edinburgh University Press.

Yoder, Carolyn. 2015. The little book of trauma healing. When violence strikes and community security is threatened. Simon and Schuster.

Žižek, Slavoj. 2002. Welcome to the desert of the real! Five essays on September 11 and related dates. Verso.