Słowa kluczowe
fighting terrorism
national security
democracy
media
Gilad Shalit
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
For decades, democratic countries have dealt with terrorist attacks carried out for the purpose of negotiations, which is the preferred modus operandi for some terrorist organizations. To what extent can a democratic regime effectively combat this abominable act while preserving a liberal or democratic character? Furthermore, these cases have become one of the most complicated dilemmas in both domestic and foreign policy. The prevalent opinion is that it is not possible to avoid meeting some of the demands of these terrorists. A government may even consent to paying a heavy price, so as to end the situation sooner. Media coverage influences this price, as extensive coverage of the terrorist attacks benefits the terrorists and thus increases their bargaining power. In contrast to the declarations of Israeli leaders in negotiations in cases of abduction, Israel has adopted a very flexible approach and is not interested in adopting the rigid approach of refusal to negotiate. The position of the opponents to negotiations with terrorist organizations is that the very negotiations with terrorist organizations legitimize them and the terrorist attacks, thus devaluing claims that terrorism is not a legitimate means of achieving one’s aims, and prevents the use of force in these situations. When all the prisoner exchange deals by the State of Israel are examined, approximately 7,500 terrorists have been released in the framework of the different deals, including terrorists with blood on their hands, in return for 14 living soldiers and civilians and 6 bodies of soldiers. A total of 1,027 terrorists were released in the Shalit deal alone.
Bibliografia
Atkinson S., Sandler T., Tscirhart J. (1987), Terrorism in a Bargaining Framework, “Journal of Law and Economics,” vol. 30, pp. 1–21.
Brandt P. T., Sandler T. (2008), Hostage Taking: Understanding Terrorism Event Dynamics, The University of Texas at Dallas.
Crelinsten R. D. (1987), Terrorism and Political Communication: The Relationship between the Controller and the Controlled, in: Contemporary Research on Terrorism, eds. P. Wilkinson, A. M. Stewart, Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, pp. 3–23.
Crelinsten R. D. (1989), Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism and Democracy: The Assessment of National Security Threats, “Terrorism and Political Violence,” vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 242–269.
Crelinsten R. D., Schmid A. (1992), Western Responses to Terrorism: A Twenty-Five Year Balance Sheet, “Terrorism and Political Violence,” vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 332–333.
Crenshaw M. (1998), The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice, in: Origins of Terrorism, ed. W. Reich, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp. 21–22.
Dolnik A. (2003), Contrasting Dynamics of Crisis Negotiations: Barricade versus Kidnapping Incidents, “International Negotiation,” 8, pp. 495–526.
Enders W., Sandler T. (2006), The Political Economy of Terrorism, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Faure G. A. (2003), Negotiating with Terrorists: The Hostage Case, “International Negotiation,” 8, pp. 469–494.
Hayes R. E. (2002), Negotiations with Terrorists, in: International Negotiation, ed. V. Kremenyuk, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Hermann M. G., Charles F. (1998), Hostage Taking, the Presidency and Stress, in: Origins of Terrorism, ed. W. Reich, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp. 211–212.
Hudson A. R. (1989), Dealing with International Hostage-Taking: Alternatives to Reactive Counterterrorist Assaults, “Terrorism and International Journal,” vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 322–323.
Islam M. Q., Shahin W. N. (1989), Economic Methodology Applied to Political Hostage-Taking in light of the Iran-Contra Affair, “Southern Economic Journal,” 55(4), p. 1019.
Jones R. (2005), Terrorist Beheadings: Cultural and Strategic Implications, p. 3.
Lapan H. E., Sandler T. (1988), To Bargain or Not To Bargain: That Is the Question, “The American Economic Review,” 78(2), pp. 16–21.
Laqueur W. (1976), The Futility of Terrorism, March. Harper’s.
Laqueur W. (1977), Terrorism, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London.
Laqueur W. (1987), The Age of Terrorism, Little, Brown & Co, Boston, MA.
Neumann R. P. (2007), Negotiating with Terrorists, “Foreign Affairs,” 86(1), pp. 128–138.
Sandler T., Scott J. L. (1987), Terrorist Success in Hostage-Taking Incidents: An Empirical Study, “The Journal of Conflict Resolution,” 31(1), pp. 35–53.
Schmid A. P. (1992), Editors’ Perspectives, in: Terrorism and the Media, eds. D. L. Paletz, A. P. Schmid, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 111–136.
Literature (Hebrew):
Bergman R. (2009), The State of Israel Will Do All, Kineret and Zmora Beitan.
Ganor B. (2001), Israel’s Policy in the Coping with Terrorism: Effectiveness versus Democratic-Liberal Values, Ph.D. Dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Ganor B. (2003), The Maze of Counter-Terrorism – Tools for Making Decisions, The Herziliya Interdisciplinary Center, Mifalot Press.
Netanyahu B. (ed.) (1987), Terrorism – How The West Can Win, Israel, Sifriat Maariv, p. 233.
Shwitzer Y. (2008), The Release of Captives Deals – War between Just and Conflicting Values, Institute for National Security Researches, A Look from above, 61, July.
Shwitzer Y. (2011), The Exchange Agreement between Israel and Hamas – From Tactical Failure to
Strategic Challenge, “A Look from above,” 289 (23), October.
Shwitzer Y. (2012), The Sting in the Tail – Achievements and Failures in the Exchange Deal between Hamas and Israel, “Strategic Update,” vol. 14, iss. 4, January.
Tamir S. (2002), A Son of This Land – Autobiography, Zmora Beitan.
Press (Hebrew)
Amikam Y. (1984), Tamir: We Faced a Brutal Choice: Six or None, “Yediot Acharonot,” June 29, p. 5.
Amikam Y., Zimoki A. (1982), Israel Warns the Syrians: Demands Release of 8 Kidnapped Soldiers, “Yediot Acharonot,” September 9, p. 1.
Beck A. (2003), These Negotiations Are Run like a Bazaar, “Yediot Acharonot,” August 29, Sabbath Supplement, p. 12.
Ben Porat Y. (1985), Kreisky: I Sent Letters to Peres and Jibril and I Extracted the Negotiations from the Mud, “Yediot Acharonot,” May 21, p. 3.
Bergman R. (2003), The True Price of the Tannenbaum Deal, “Yediot Acharonot,” October 24, Sabbath Supplement, pp. 4–5.
Eichner A. (2003), A New Obstacle on the Way to a Deal – The Murderer of the Haran Family, “Yediot Acharonot,” November 9, p. 3.
Eichner A. (2003), Now the Ball Is in Hezbollah’s Hands, “Yediot Acharonot,” November 10.
Eichner A. (2003), Their Hard Hour, “Yediot Acharonot,” November 10, p. 2.
Glickman A. (2003), Sheikh Nasrallah Announced for the First Time: Tennenbaum Is Alive, “Yediot Acharonot,” January 7, p. 17.
Haver A. (1983), The Soul-Searching We Have to Do: Is the Principle not to Submit to Extortion of Terrorists Broken, “Yediot Acharonot,” November 27.
Haver A. (1985), The Decision on the Exchange Price Was Made Unanimously in the Government, “Yediot Acharonot,” May 21, p. 6.
Limor Y. (2011), From Gaza to Mizpeh Hila in Five Years, “Yisrael HaYom,” October 14, pp. 13–14.
News Agencies (1983), Jibril Received Two Captives since There Wasn’t Space in the Vehicle They Travelled in, “Yediot Acharonot,” March 4, p. 1.
Perry S. (2000), Hezbollah Is Willing for U.N. Mediation, “Yediot Acharonot,” October 11, p. 11.
Perry S. (2003), The Exchange Deal Does Not Include Arad, “Yediot Acharonot,” August 27, p. 5.
Shavit A. (1985), Rabin Did Not Want the Elimination of Our Captives to Be on My Conscience, “Yediot Acharonot,” May 24, Sabbath Supplement, p. 3.
Shavit A. (2011), Victory of Israeli Solidarity, “Haaretz,” November 12.
Shibi H. (2000), Mofaz: There is Negotiation for the Release of the Abductees but the End Is Far off, “Yediot Acharonot,” December 13, p. 15.
Shifer S. (2000), The Goal: To Release the Kidnapped Soldiers. The Way: Attack or Negotiations, “Yediot Acharonot,” October 8, pp. 2–3.
Shifer S. (2003), Bring Tannenbaum back Alive, “Yediot Acharonot,” October 3, Sabbath Supplement, p. 2.
Yarkoni Y. (2004), Four Lebanese with Blood on Their Hands Will Be Released, “Yediot Acharonot,” January 27, p. 5.
Yechezkeli Z. (2004), The Terrorists Went Wild in the Air Force Plane, “Yediot Acharonot,” January 30, p. 2.
Internet Websites (Hebrew)
Buchbot A. (2012), To Remove the Issue of the Captives from the Prime Minister, January 5, http://news.walla.co.il/item/1891423.
Prime Minister’s Office (2011), Netanyahu’s Speech at the Opening of the Special Meeting for the Confirmation of the Shalit Deal, October 11, http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMO/Communication/Spokesman/2011/10/spokestart111011.htm.