Słowa kluczowe
constitution
amendments
presidential system
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
The first constitution of the Ottoman-Turkish Empire was adopted in 1876 – the Kânûn-ı Esâsî (Eng. Fundamental Law). In its history, Turkey has had four constitutions. They were adopted in 1921, 1924, 1961, and 1982, with the latter being presently in force. Nowadays, the creation of a new constitution is the main issue on Turkey’s political agenda. The government of Turkey and Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan want to amend the constitution, and envisage creating an executive presidential system (Tur. Başkanlık sistemi), similar to that of the Russian Federation and the United States. Critics are concerned about what Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s motivation may be. This article analyzes the historical roots of the constitution, its amendments, the presidential system in Turkey and the arguments of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) and Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP) against the adoption of a presidential system. The key issues that the authors address are the changes that could be made under Turkey’s new constitution and whether all political power would be concentrated in president’s hands.
Bibliografia
Monographs:
Camadan A., Kahya G., Diksu M., Kontaş S, Ecevit I. S. (n.d), Turkish War of Independence, 1921.
Davison R. H. (1963), Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Dursun D. (2005), 12 Eylül Darbesi, Şehir Yayınları, Istanbul.
Gençkaya Ö. F., Özbudun E. (2009), Democratization and the Politics of Constitution-Making in Turkey, Central European University Press, Budapest.
Gürsoy N. B. (2014), 27 Mayıs Darbesi ve Bizler, Timas Yayinlari, Istanbul.
Articles and studies in journals:
Adamczyk A. (2010), Kemalism and Modern Turkey, “Acta FF,” no. 2.
Gençkaya Ö. F. (1999), Reforming Parliamentary Procedure in Turkey, “M.E.S.,” no. 48.
Gönenç L. (2004), The 2001 Amendments to the 1982 Constitution of Turkey, “Ankara Law Review,” vol. 1, no. 1.
Kalaycıoglu E. (2011), Kulturkampf in Turkey: The Constitutional Referendum of 12 September 2010, “South European Society and Politics,” no. 17.
Kanatli M. (2016), The Practicability of the Presidential System in Turkey and the Discussions over Never Ending Dreams of Democracy, “Turkish Journal of TESAM Academy,” vol. 3, no. 2.
Kılıç S. (2016), 1876 Meclis-i Mebusanı ve Seçim Hazırlıkları, “Devlet,” no. 466.
Korkut H. (2016), Critical Analysis of the Ottoman Constitution (1876), “Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies,” vol. 9, no. 1.
Polat D. (2014), Understanding of the Turkish Constitutional Court Regarding Unitary State, “The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations,” vol. 45.
Sencer M. (1986), From the Constitution of 1961 to the Constitution of 1982, “Turkish Yearbook of Human Rights,” no. 7/8.
Topukcu A. (2015), The Processes and the Principles of Constitutional Design in Turkey, “Central and Eastern European Legal Studies,” no. 1.
Uran P., Pasquino P. (2015), The Guardian of the Turkish Constitution: A Special Court, “Journal of Politics and Law,” vol. 8, no. 2.
Uzun M. C. (2010), The Protection of Laicism in Turkey and the Turkish Constitutional Court: The Example of the Prohibition on the Use of the Islamic Veil in Higher Education, “Penn State International Law Review,” vol. 28, no. 3.
Varol O. O. (2011), The Origins and Limits of Originalism: A Comparative Study, “Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,” no. 44.
Articles and studies in collective works: Öktem E., Uzun M. C. (2015), IACL National Report: The Republic of Turkey, in: Religion and the Secular State: National Reports, eds. J. Martínez-Torrón, W. Durham, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Complutense, Madrid.
Özbudun E. (2011), Constitutional Law, in: Introduction to Turkish Law, eds. T. Ansay, D. Wallace, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn.
Documents:
American Society of International Law (1908), The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876), “The American Journal of International Law,” vol. 2, no. 4, Supplement: Official Documents.
OSCE (2017), Republic of Turkey Constitutional Referendum 16 April 2017. OSCE/ODIHR Limited
Referendum Observation Mission Final Report, OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Warsaw.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasasının Bazı Maddelerinin Değiştirilmesi Hakkında Kanun (2001, October 3), “Resmi Gazete,” Sayı: 24556, Kanun no. 4709.
Internet references:
Agence France-Presse in Istanbul, Turkish Parliament Debates Controversial New Constitution, 9.01.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/09/turkish-parliament-controversialnew-constitution-recep-tayyip-erdogan, 11.09.2017.
Agerholm H., Stevenson C., Turkey’s President Erdogan Claims Victory in Vote to Give Him Sweeping New Powers – But Opposition Cries Foul, 16.04.2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-referendum-president-recep-tayyip-erdogan-supreme-power-latestcount-a7686511.html, 17.09.2017.
Aliriza B., After the Referendum, 8.05.2017, https://www.csis.org/analysis/after-referendum, 15.09.2017.
Barkey H., Kadioglu D., The Turkish Constitution and the Kurdish Question, 1.08.2011, http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/08/01/turkish-constitution-and-kurdish-question/4e14, 20.12.2016.
BBC, Q&A: Turkey’s Constitutional Referendum, 12.09.2010, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11228955, 2.01.2017.
Daily Sabah, Comparison of 1982 Constitution to Changes Offered in New Package, 30.12.2016, http://www.dailysabah.com/legislation/2016/12/31/comparison-of-1982-constitution-to-changesoffered-in-new-package, 30.12.2016.
Daily Sabah, Erdoğan: Presidential System Necessary to Achieve Goals, 11.03.2015, http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2015/03/11/erdogan-presidential-system-necessary-to-achieve-goals, 30.12.2016.
Daventry M. S., Explainer: Turkey’s New Presidential System, 12.12.2016, http://www.jamesinturkey.com/explainer-turkeys-new-presidential-system/, 29.12.2016.
EIY, In a ‘Surprising’ Move, Turkish Electoral Council Swiftly Rejects All Referendum Appeals, 19.04.2017, https://washingtonhatti.com/2017/04/19/in-a-surprising-move-turkish-electoralcouncil-rejects-swiftly-all-referendum-appeals/, 18.09.2017.
Grand National Assembly of Turkey, History, n.d., https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/TR/yd/icerik/12, 30.12.2016.
Gungen D., Bag T., The 2017 Turkish Constitutional Referendum, 19.04.2017, http://apcoworldwide.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/Thought-Leadership/turkey-post-referendum-apco-worldwide.pdf, 21.09.2017.
Hürriyet Daily News, HDP Makes Clear It Does Not Favor Presidential System, 4.11.2015, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hdp-makes-clear-it-does-not-favor-presidential-system.aspx?pageID=238&nID=90744&NewsCatID=338, 14.09.2017.
Hürriyet Daily News, Presidential System Will Bring Turkey to Ruination: CHP Leader, 14.11.2016, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/presidential-system-will-bring-turkey-to-ruination-chpleader-aspx?pageID=238&nID=106096&NewsCatID=338, 30.12.2016.
IFES, Elections in Turkey. 2017 Constitutional Referendum. Frequently Asked Questions, 10.04.2017, https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/2017_ifes_turkey_constitutionalreferndum_faqs.pdf, 17.09.2017.
Kaya Ö., On the Way to a New Constitution in Turkey, November 2011, http://library.ifes.de/pdffiles/bueros/tuerkei/12220.pdf, 27.12.2016.
Kesgin H. (2016). Erdogan: Presidential System to Speed Turkey’s Progress, 11.11.2016, http://aa.com.tr/en/todays-headlines/erdogan-presidential-system-to-speed-turkey-s-progress/683247, 2.01.2017.
Merkezi H., Presidential System for Stability in Turkey, Says PM, 19.11.2016, http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/presidential-system-for-stability-in-turkey-says-pm-2566884, 2.01.2017.
Merkezi H., Referandum seçim sonuçları ve analizleri! Seçim 2017 seçim sonuçları burada, 17.04.2017, http://www.yenisafak.com/referandum-secim-sonuclari-ve-analizleri-secim-2017-secimsonuclari-burada-h-2645057, 10.06.2017.
Örmeci O., Turkish Constitutions (1921, 1924, 1961, 1982) in Comparative Perspective, 24.06.2012, http://politikaakademisi.org/2012/06/24/turkish-constitutions-1921-1924-1961-1982-in-comparative-perspective/, 21.12.2016.
Pamuk H., Turkey’s Erdogan Could Govern until 2029 under Plans to Change Constitution, 11.11.2016, http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/11/turkeys-ruling-akp-hopes-for-nationalist-support-onconstitutional-change-pm-says, 30.12.2016.
Sarikaya A., Hungarian People’s Attitudes to Grof Andrassy Gyula before-during-after Bosnia and Herzegovina Was Annexed by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, April 2016, http://culturalrelations.org/Resources/2016/ICRP_RPS-Sarikaya Hungarian_peoples_attitudes-2016.pdf, 30.12.2016.
Scharfe P., Erdoğan’s Presidential Dreams, Turkey’s Constitutional Politics, February 2015, http://origins.osu.edu/article/erdo-s-presidential-dreams-turkey-s-constitutional-politics/page/0/0, 25.12.2016.
Shaheen K., Debating in Whispers: Opposition Fearful ahead of Turkish Referendum, 2.03.2017a, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/02/debating-in-whispers-opposition-fearfulahead-of-turkish-referendum, 14.09.2017.
Shaheen K. Turkish Election Board Rejects Calls to Annul Referendum Result, 19.04.2017b, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/19/turkish-election-board-recep-tayyip-erdogan-referendum, 18.09.2017.
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey, 2015, https://www.tbmm.gov. tr/yayinlar/prestij_kitap_ingilizce_s.pdf, 26.12.2016.
TRT WORLD, Turkey’s Constitutional Reform, February 2017a, https://www.trtworld.com/referendum/images/key/research.pdf, 23.09.2017.
TRT WORLD, Official Results of Turkey’s Referendum Released, 17.04.2017b, http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/official-results-of-turkeys-referendum-released-344439, 23.09.2017.
Turan H. C., Government Systems Discussions in Republic of Turkey, 2016, https://www.westeastinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/H.-C.-Turan.pdf, 20.12.2016.
Yalcin Z., Başkanlık değil Cumhurbaşkanlığı, 16.11.2016, http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2016/11/16/baskanlik-degil-cumhurbaskanligi, 29.12.2016.
Yapp M. E., Dewdney J. C., The Military Coup of 1960, n.d., https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-military-coup-of-1960, 30.12.2016.