Beyond Hard Power: The Role of Soft Power in Shaping Nigeria’s Foreign Policy
Journal cover Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2, year 2025
PDF

Keywords

diplomacy
foreign policy
hard power
international relations
soft power

How to Cite

Ogele, E. (2025). Beyond Hard Power: The Role of Soft Power in Shaping Nigeria’s Foreign Policy. Przegląd Politologiczny, (2), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2025.30.2.2

Abstract

This study examines the evolving role of soft power in shaping Nigeria’s foreign policy, moving beyond the traditional reliance on hard power. By exploring the concept of soft power and its application in Nigeria’s international relations, this study reveals the country’s growing recognition of the importance of attraction, persuasion, and influence in achieving its foreign policy objectives. The research also examines the domestic and external factors that influence Nigeria’s soft power strategy, highlighting the need for institutional strengthening, capacity building, and private sector engagement. Through a critical analysis of Nigeria’s soft power initiatives, including cultural diplomacy, international cooperation, and public diplomacy, this study identifies the opportunities and challenges associated with this approach. The study adopted Constructivist approach and Soft Power Theory as its theoretical construct. The study relied on secondary data gathering technique. The study would have implications for Nigeria’s policymakers, scholars, and practitioners seeking to understand the complexities of Nigeria’s foreign policy and the role of soft power in shaping its international relations.

https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2025.30.2.2
PDF

References

Abacha S. (1998), Nigeria’s Role in the Restoration of Democracy in Sierra Leone, Speech delivered at the ECOWAS Summit.

Adebajo A. (2017), Curse of Berlin: Africa after the Cold War, Hurst Publishers.

Adebajo A. (2002), Liberia’s Civil War: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and Regional Security in West Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London.

Adeboye F. I. (2020), The Liberian Conflict And The ECOMOG Operation: A Review of Nigeria’s Key Contributions, “Global Journal of Political Science and Administration”, 8(3), pp. 14–31.

Adesanya I. (2020), Cultural Diplomacy and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy, “Journal of Cultural Studies”, 12(1), pp. 1–15.

Akinterinwa B. (2020), Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities, “Journal of International Relations and Development”, 23(1), pp. 1–20.

Akinterinwa B. (2020), Nigeria’s Technical Aid Corps: A Study of Its Impact on Recipient Countries, “Journal of International Relations and Development”, 23(1), pp. 1–20.

Akpeli A. O. (2021, September 26), A Study of the Nigerian Foreign Policy under President Olusegun Obasanjo, 1999–2007, https://dutable.com/2021/09/26/a-study-of-the-nigerian-foreign-policy-under-president-olusegun-obasanjo-1999-2007/.

Adler E. (2019), Constructivism and International Relations, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies.

Appadorai A. (2005), The Substance of Indian Diplomacy, in: The Conduct of India’s Foreign Policy, ed. A. Appadorai, pp. 1–20.

Arewa O. B. (2015), Nollywood and African Cinema: Cultural Diversity and the Global Entertainment Industry, in: Diversity in Intellectual Property Identities, Interests, and Intersections, eds. I. Calboli, S. Ragavan, Cambridge University Press, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107588479.019

Azgaku C. B. (2015), The Role of Nigeria in Peace-Keeping Operation in West Africa: 1960–2010, “Research on Humanities and Social Sciences”, 5(22).

Baye F. (2010), Implications of the Bakassi conflict resolution for Cameroon, “African Journal on Conflict Resolution”, 10(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcr.v10i1.59305

Bially-Mattern J. (2020), Why Soft Power Isn’t So Soft, “Perspectives on Politics”, 18(3), pp. 751–766.

Bennett W. L., Segerberg A. B. (2013), The Logic of Connective Action: Digital Media and the Personalization of Contentious Politics, “Information, Communication & Society”, 16(5), pp. 739–761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661

Bryman A. (2016), Social research methods, Oxford University Press.

Castells M. (2020), The Power of Communication, Oxford University Press.

Clapham C. (2017), The Horn of Africa: State Formation and Decay, Hurst Publishers.

Crawford N. C. (2020), The human cost of the post-9/11 wars, Costs of War Project.

Cull N. J. (2019), The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989, Cambridge University Press.

Elegbede T. (2023), The Globalization of Nigerian Music, “Journal of African Cultural Studies”, 35(1), pp. 1–15.

Ebegbulem J. C. (2019), Nigeria’s Leadership Role and Conflict Resolution in West Africa, “International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies”, 6(10), pp. 22–33.

Faidi Z. (2024), Cultural Flows: The Development and Global Influence of Nigeria’s Creative Industries, “Policy Paper”, no. 09/24 – June, https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/2024-06/PP_09-24%20%28Zineb%20Faidi%29.pdf.

Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020), Technical Aid Corps: A Nigerian Initiative for International Cooperation.

Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022). Reforming the Technical Aid Corps: A New Era for International Cooperation.

Finnemore M., Sikkink K. (2018), International Norm Dynamics and Political Change, “International Organization”, 72(4), pp. 893–917.

Fravel M. T. (2020), China’s maritime security strategy, “Journal of Contemporary China”, 29(122), pp. 261–276.

Gallivant Africa (2024), Nollywood: Unveiling the Vibrant Nigeria’s Film Industry, https://gallivant.africa/2024/01/12/nollywood-unveiling-the-vibrant-nigerias-film-industry/.

George A. L., Bennett A. (2020), Case studies and theory development in the social sciences, MIT Press.

Hall I. (2020), India’s Soft Power: Problems and Prospects, “Journal of International Relations and Development”, 23(1), pp. 1–20.

Isike C., Oyewole S., Oklie A.-M. (2024), The ethno-regional and religious drivers of Nigeria’s foreign policy, “Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional”, 67(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202400219

Iwilade A. (2022), ECOWAS and Regional Security: A Critical Analysis, “Journal of West African Studies”, 12(1), pp. 1–18.

Jackson S. L. (2017), Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach, Cengage Learning.

Kagan R. (2020), The jungle grows back: America and our imperiled world, Knopf.

Katzenstein P. J. (2018), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, Columbia University Press.

Keohane R. O. (2015), The Global Governance Deficit, Kluwer Law International.

Kissinger H. (2020), The world order: Reflections on the character of nations and the course of history, Penguin Books.

Krasner S. D. (2017), Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, Princeton University Press.

Kumar R. (2019), Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners, Sage Publications.

Kuna M. (2005), The Role of Nigeria in Peace Building, Conflict Resolution, and Peacekeeping since 1960, A Paper Presented at the Workshop on Nigeria and the Reform of the United Nations, Organised by the Centre for Democratic Development, Research and Training, Hanwa, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Kurlantzick J. (2019), China’s Soft Power, “Journal of Contemporary China”, 28(116), pp. 1–14.

McClory J. (2015), The soft power 30: A global ranking of soft power, https://portland-communications.com/pdf/The-Soft-Power_30.pdf.

McClory J. (2020), The new persuaders: An exploration of the art of soft power, Institute for Government.

McCombs M. (2018), Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion, Polity Press.

Mearsheimer J. J. (2020), The great delusion: Liberal dreams and international realities, Yale University Press.

Meunier S. (2017), Integration by Stealth: How the European Union Gained Competences in Foreign Policy, “Journal of Common Market Studies”, 55(1), pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12528

Miller J. (2012), Global Nollywood: The Nigerian movie industry and alternative global networks in production and distribution, “Global Media and Communication”, vol. 8(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766512444340

Nye J. S. (2004), Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, PublicAffairs, New York.

Nye J. S. (2020), Do Morals Matter? Presidents and Foreign Policy from FDR to Trump, Oxford University Press.

Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (2022), The Technical Aid Corps and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: An Assessment.

Nisbet E. C. (2023). The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in International Relations. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 26(1), 1–18.

Nye J. S. (2019). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs.

Nye J. S. (2011). The Future of Power. PublicAffairs.

Nye J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153–171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580

Nweke R. C. (2010), The Role of Nigeria in Restoring Peace in West Africa, Unpublished MSc dissertation presented to The Faculty of Arts, University of Malta.

Obi C. (2009), Economic Community of West African States on the Ground: Comparing Peacekeeping in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, and Côte d’Ivoire, “African Security”, 2(2/3), pp. 119–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19362200903361945

Obasanjo O. (2003), Nigeria’s Support for Democracy in Africa, Address to the African Union Summit.

Obasanjo O., Mbeki T. (2002), The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), African Union.

Odunsi W. (2023, Febuary 2), Nigeria deploys 2500 technical aid volunteers to ACP countries, https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/02/nigeria-deploys-2500-technical-aid-volunteers-to-acp-countries/.

Offu P., Iroh C. (2019), The Role of Nigeria in West African Peace Keeping, “Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research”, 27(5), pp. 417–427.

Ogele E. P. (2025), The Hegemon’s Role: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy and Its Impact on West African Regional Security and Cooperation, “International Journal Pedagogy of Social Studies”, 10(1), pp. 43–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijposs.v10i1.82778

Ogele E. P. (2023), The changing nature of Nigeria’s foreign policy in the 21st century, Sharex Global Service.

Ogunleye F. (2020), Nollywood and the Nigerian Film Industry, “Journal of African Cinemas”, 12(1), pp. 1–12.

Ogunnubi O. (2020), Nigeria’s role in regional peacekeeping and conflict resolution, “Journal of International Relations and Development”, 23(2), pp. 1–20.

Ogunnubi O., Isike C. (2018), Nigeria’s Soft Power Sources: Between Potential and Illusion?, “International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society”, 31(1), pp. 49–67, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48720609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-017-9258-6

Olanrewaju F. (2023), Boko Haram and Nigeria’s National Security, “Journal of Terrorism Research”, 14(1), pp. 1–12.

Olorunyomi A. (2023), Nollywood and the Promotion of Nigerian Culture, “Journal of Film and Video”, 75(1), pp. 1–12.

Omoigui N. (n.d.), A perspective on Nigeria’s involvement in the Sierra Leone imbroglio, http://www.waado.org/nigerian_scholars/archive/debates/forpolicy/sierleone.html.

Omotola S. (2008), From Importer to Exporter: The Changing Role of Nigeria in Promoting Democratic Values in Africa, in: African Politics: Beyond the Third Wave of Democratization, ed. J. Pretorius, Juta and Company, pp. 33–51.

Prentice C. (2014, July 2), Nigeria as a Rising Power in Africa, “Borgen Magazine”.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (2023), Global Entertainment and Media Outlook 2023–2024.

Record J. (2020), Wanting war: Why the Bush administration invaded Iraq, Potomac Books.

Seib P. (2020), The Future of Diplomacy, Polity Press.

Slaughter A. M. (2017), The Chessboard and the Web: Strategies of Connection in a Networked World, Yale University Press.

Statista (2023), Music Industry in Nigeria, https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=Statista.+%282023%29.+Music+Industry+in+Nigeria.

Statista (2022), Music industry revenue in Nigeria from 2014 to 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/939157/nigeria-music-industry-revenue/.

TAC (2004), The Nigerian Technical Aid Corps Scheme, TAC Press, Abuja.

The Guardian (2004), Zambia lauds Nigeria over technical aid volunteers, December 7th.

ThisDay (2003), Ethiopia Commends Nigeria’s Technical Aid Corps Volunteers, August 4th.

Thomas D. C. (2017), The European Union and International Relations, “Journal of Common Market Studies”, 55(1), pp. 1–15.

Ujara E. C., Ibietan J. (2018), Foreign Policy in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: A Critical Analysis of Some Unresolved Issues, “Journal of International and Global Studies”, vol. 10, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62608/2158-0669.1436

Ukandu N. (2023), Digital Diplomacy and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy, “Journal of International Communication”, 19(1), pp. 1–15.

United Nations Peacekeeping (2019, February), We thanked Nigeria for their service and sacrifice, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/nigeria.

Vargo C. J., Guo L. (2020), Social Media and Agenda-Setting: A Systematic Review, “Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly”, 97(2), pp. 278–301.

Wale A. W. (2011), Globally oriented citizenship and international Voluntary service interrogating Nigeria’s technical aid corps scheme, “Discussion Paper” 71, Nordica afrikainstitutet, Uppsala.

Warnier P. (1999), La diplomatie des réseaux. Politique Étrangère, 64(2), pp. 341–354.

Waltz K. N. (2020), Realist thought and neorealist theory, “Journal of International Relations and Development”, 23(1), pp. 1–16.

Wendt A. (2015). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge University Press.