China as security actor in Africa
PDF (Język Polski)

Keywords

Africa
China
security

How to Cite

Kaczmarek, F. (2022). China as security actor in Africa. Przegląd Politologiczny, (1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2022.27.1.2

Abstract

The historical security actors in Africa have been the colonial powers, and after the decolonization period, the leading powers of the bipolar world. The third actor to influence the security of parts of Afri ca is becoming China. The research questions posed are: what role does China play in security in Africa, and how is China’s role changing in this regard? The research methods used were document analysis and statistical analysis. The subject matter of the analysis included China’s multilateral peacekeeping missions; Chinese financial support for pan-African and regional security institutions; China’s military bases and exercises in Africa; China’s arms and technology exports; the activities of the private security companies; and China’s narrative regarding this aspect of international cooperation. The conclusions, drawn from the research, indicate that China’s security policy has undergone significant changes, which affects its role as a security actor in Africa, among others. The essence of the changes in China’s policy is the move away from the principle of non-interference and the adoption of the principle of limited engagement. As a result, China has not become the main security actor in Africa, but has become one of the security actors in the region.

https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2022.27.1.2
PDF (Język Polski)

References

Abegunrin O., Manyeruke C. (2020), China’s Military Involvement and Peacekeeping in Africa, w: China’s Power in Africa. Politics and Development of Contemporary China, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, s. 173–185, doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21994-9_10.

Alden C., Alao A., Zhang C., Barber L. (red.) (2018), China and Africa: building peace and security cooperation on the continent, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.

Barton B. (2018), Political trust and the politics of security engagement: China and the European Union in Africa, Routledge, New York.

Berhe M. G., Hongwu L. (red.) (2013), China-Africa Relations: Governance, Peace and Security, Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa.

Brautigam D. (2015), Will Africa feed China?, Oxford University Press, New York.

Chandran N. (2018), China says it will increase its military presence in Africa, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/china-increases-defence-ties-with-africa.html.

Chen H. (2016), China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative and its implications for Sino-African investment relations, „Transnational Corporations Review”, vol. 8, issue 3, s. 178–182.

Cheng Z., Taylor I. (2017), China’s aid to Africa: does friendship really matter?, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London–New York.

China and the world. Inside the dynamics of a changing relationship (2019), McKinsey Global Institute.

China donates 100 police vehicles to Ghana (2019), http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/24/c_138655021.htm.

China’s Foreign Policy Experiment in South Sudan (2017), Report No. 288, International Crisis Group, https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/south-sudan/288-china-s-foreign-policy-experiment-south-sudan.

China’s Military Strategy (2015), Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China, http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2015-05/26/content_4586805.html.

China’s National Defense in the New Era (2019), The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/24/c_138253389.html.

Chinese Navy ships conduct real combat training in Gulf of Aden (2020), http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2020/february/8070-chinese-navy-ships-conduct-real-combat-training-in-gulf-of-aden.html.

Conteh-Morgan E. (2017), The Sino-African Partnership A Geo-Political Economy Approach, Peter Lang Publishing Inc., New York.

Crabtree J. (2018), The island paradise that could be China’s next strategic transport hub, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/17/china-transport-hub-could-be-the-african-island-of-sao-tome.html.

Defense Ministry’s Regular Press Conference on Dec. 26 (2019), Ministry of National Defense, http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019-12/27/content_4857662.htm.

Development Reimagined (2018), Who does China prioritise? Our first infographic sheds some light, https://developmentreimagined.com/2018/01/30/who-does-china-prioritise-our-first-investigation/.

Erickson A. S., Strange A. M. (2015), China’s Blue Soft Power: Antipiracy, Engagement, and Image Enhancement, „Naval War College Review”, vol. 68, no. 1.

EU NAVFOR (2020), Key Facts and Figures, https://eunavfor.eu/.

Ferguson N. (2019), Druga zimna wojna? Tak, z Chinami. Już trwa, „Gazeta Wyborcza” z dnia 31 grudnia 2019 r.

Firmanty Ł. (2013), Afryka we współczesnej polityce Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń.

Fituni L. L. (2019), Towards a Neo-bipolar Model of the World Order: Scouting Game in Africa, „Outlines of Global Transformations”, Special Issue, doi: 10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-3-6-29.

Ganchev I. (2019), Actions Speak Louder than Words: China’s Consultative Peacekeeping in Africa, „Strategic Analysis”, vol. 43, issue 5, s. 402–417, doi: 10.1080/09700161.2019.1666536.

Grieger G. (2019), China’s growing role as a security actor in Africa, European Parliamentary Research Service.

Góralczyk B. (2018), Wielki renesans. Chińska transformacja i jej konsekwencje, Wydawnictwo Dialog, Warszawa.

Haliżak E. (2008), Polityka i strategia Chin w kształtowaniu międzynarodowego bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.

Heath T. R. (2018), China’s Pursuit of Overseas Security, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.

Henry J. (2016), China’s Military Deployments in the Gulf of Aden: Anti-Piracy and Beyond, „Asie.Visions”, no. 89, Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI).

Hodzi O. (2019), The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.

Jinping X. (2019), Zarządzanie Chinami, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń.

Kaczmarek F. (2019), African Dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative, „Przegląd Strategiczny”, issue 12, s. 145–160, doi: 10.14746/ps.2019.1.10.

Kołodko G. (2018), Czy Chiny zbawią świat?, Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa.

Lanteigne M. (2020), Chinese Foreign Policy. An Introduction. Fourth Edition, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London–New York.

Legarda H., Hoffmann M. L. (2018), China as a conflict mediator. Maintaining stability along the Belt and Road, https://www.merics.org/en/china-mapping/china-conflict-mediator.

Legarda H., Nouwens M. (2018), Guardians of the Belt and Road. The internationalization of China’s private security companies, Mercator Institute for China Studies, Berlin.

Lin J. Y. (2015), Industry transfer to Africa good for all, China Daily, 20 January 2015, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2015-01/20/content_19353085.htm.

Lin J. Y., Wang Y. (2017), Development beyond aid: Utilizing comparative advantage in the Belt and Road Initiative to achieve win-win, “Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development”, vol. 1, issue 2, s. 149–167, doi: 10.24294/jipd.v1.i2.68.

Lowy Institute (2019), The 2019 Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index, https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/.

Ma J. (2019), To Afryka będzie siłą napędową kolejnej rewolucji cyfrowej, „Gazeta Wyborcza” z dnia 31 grudnia 2019 r.

Melvin N. (2019), The new external security politics of the Horn of Africa region, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, no. 2.

Moradi S. (2019), Hegemony and the Chinese Non-Interference Policy in Africa – A Friend or Foe?, „Chinese Studies”, no. 8, s. 156–173, doi.org/10.4236/chnstd.2019.83013.

Mushekwe I., Kahari M-K. (2019), China’s Red Army To Station Special Force In Zimbabwe, http://spotlight-z.com/news/exclusivechinas-red-army-station-battalion-zimbabwe/.

Nantulya P. (2019), Chinese Hard Power Supports Its Growing Strategic Interests in Africa, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chinese-hard-power-supports-its-growing-strategic-interests-in-africa/.

Number of Chinese immigrants in Africa rapidly increasing (2017), China Daily, http://www.china-daily.com.cn/world/2017-01/14/content_27952426.html.

Nuo J. i in. (2019), Pewność siebie i samoświadomość Chin w globalnym zarządzaniu, Time Marszałek Group, Toruń.

Schäfer C. (2020), Whose diaspora? Rethinking diaspora politics: China’s overseas Chinese engagement in transnational space, w: Current Challenges in Migration Policy and Law, red. E. Castro, S. Marques, Transnational Press London, London.

Shinn D. H. (2019), China in Africa, „Defense Dossier”, issue 26, s. 5–11.

Stahl A. K. (2017), EU-China-Africa trilateral relations in a multipolar world: hic sunt dracones, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Tian N., Su F. (2020), Estimating the Arms Sales of Chinese Companies, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, no 2, https://sipri.org/publications/2020/sipri-insights-peace-and-security/estimating-arms-sales-chinese-companies.

United Nations General Assembly (2019), Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Note by the Secretary-General, https://undocs.org/A/C.5/73/21.

United Nations Peacekeeping (2020), Troop and police contributors, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors.

Wekesa B. (2015), China’s Silk Road Economic Belt: African Perspectives and Implications, „African East-Asian Affairs”, issue 1&2, s. 144–161.

Wezeman P. D., Fleurant A., Kuimova A., da Silva D. L., Tian N., Wezeman S. T. (2020), Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2019, SIPRI Fact Sheet, https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/fs_2003_at_2019_0.pdf.

Yin H. (2014), China-EU Cooperation on UN peacekeeping Opportunities and Challenges: A Chinese View, w: China and Europe in 21st Century Global Politics: Partnership, Competition or Co-Evolution, red. F. Austermann, A. Vangeli, W. Xiaoguang, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.

ZiroMwatela R., Changfeng Z. (2016), Africa in China’s “One Belt, One Road” Initiative: A Critical Analysis, „IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science”, vol. 21, issue 12, ver. 1, s. 10–21.