Energy Communities and Decentralisation: Between Self-Sufficiency and Solidarity

Abstract

The energy transition in the context of increasing decentralisation of supply systems is giving rise to energy communities as new entities managing the production and distribution of energy. Their organisational structures are based on democratic co-decision-making, local embeddedness, and collective use of resources, while simultaneously striving to enhance energy independence and pursue environmental objectives. This article examines such communities not only as organisational models but also as socio-political phenomena that redefine the relationship between the state and its citizens.
The study employs systemic, institutional-legal, and comparative perspectives to elucidate the conditions underpinning the operation of energy communities. It identifies key challenges related to land use, infrastructure management, and integration with national grids. Emphasis is placed on the role of trust, dialogue, and inclusive financial mechanisms in consolidating the community-based model of energy governance. Particular attention is given to compensatory and participatory mechanisms that enable the equitable distribution of costs and benefits.
European case studies, such as the Samso Energy Academy and EWS Schönau, illustrate the transformative potential of grassroots initiatives in driving both social and technological change. The findings underscore the necessity of aligning technology, public policy, and social capital in order to establish a resilient and sustainable model of civic energy governance.